* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download BIO152 Course in Review
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Copy-number variation wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Neocentromere wikipedia , lookup
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Dual inheritance theory wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression programming wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Koinophilia wikipedia , lookup
Polymorphism (biology) wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Group selection wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic variation wikipedia , lookup
Genetic drift wikipedia , lookup
Dominance (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Hardy–Weinberg principle wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
BIO152 Course in Review Tutorial 11 December 8 12/8/2006 1 Tutorial 11-Outline What we have covered! 12/8/2006 2 1 Biology studies the unity & diversity of life 12/8/2006 3 ‘Recipe’ for life is based on DNA; all life shares the same basic machinery for inheritance 12/8/2006 4 2 Major themes in BIO152 Foundations of biology All life is related & populations have changed over time = evolution by natural selection 1. 2. The cell is the basic unit of life & a cell comes from other cells = cell theory 3. DNA is the basic hereditary material = chromosome theory of inheritance 12/8/2006 5 Chromosomal theory of inheritance DNA is the macromolecule carrying the heritable material. DNA is arranged in chromosomes Chromosomes behave according to Mendel’s laws: 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 12/8/2006 segregation of homologous chromosomes & independent assortment of homologous chromosomes During meiosis I 6 3 Pattern and Process What we see is the pattern. How this pattern arose is the process. 12/8/2006 7 Chromosome theory of inheritance What is the pattern? segregation of homologous chromosomes & independent assortment of homologous chromosomes What is the process? meiosis 12/8/2006 8 4 Chromosome theory of inheritance What is the pattern? What is the process? 12/8/2006 9 BIO152H Demonstrated how science provides a way to study of life Explored the pattern and process of evolution Studied genetics to explore how variable traits arise and are inherited 12/8/2006 10 5 Evolution Pattern Species are not independent and unchanging entities but are related to one another and can change through time. Process Change in allele frequencies in species over time due to natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation 12/8/2006 11 Evolution: change in populations over time due to Variation Selection Inheritance Time 12/8/2006 12 6 Natural selection More individuals are born than survive and reproduce. 2. Individuals vary in characteristics which are heritable. 3. Certain heritable characteristics help individuals survive and reproduce better than other characteristics. Natural selection is NOT a random process. 1. 12/8/2006 13 Natural selection Occurs when heritable variation in certain traits leads to improved reproductive success = Biological fitness Adaptation-is a trait which confers reproductive success 12/8/2006 14 7 Important implications 1. At what level does natural selection happen? a. Individuals b. Populations 2. At what level does evolution happen? a. Individuals b. Populations 12/8/2006 15 Lecture 2-Need doesn’t help if you don’t have the trait Natural selection needs genetic variation, but actually acts on variation in __________ 12/8/2006 16 8 Individuals do not change, populations change over time. Change is not progressive, changes in populations with time [ evolution] reflective the environment needed to survive and reproduce at that time 12/8/2006 17 Extension Evolution depends on _____ variation. Natural selection acts on _____ variation Phenotypic Genotypic [answers may be used more than once] 12/8/2006 18 9 Hardy Weinberg Suppose 49% of a remote mountain village can not taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). If this population conforms to Hardy-Weinberg expectations for this gene, what is the frequency of the population that must be [SHOW your calculations] homozygous dominant for this trait? ________ heterozygous for this trait? ________ tasters of PTC? 12/8/2006 19 genotype frequencies: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0 What about phenotype frequencies? Recessive trait: ? Dominant trait: ? allele frequencies p+q=1 12/8/2006 20 10 genotype frequencies: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0 What about phenotype frequencies? Recessive trait: q2 Dominant trait: p2 + 2pq allele frequencies p+q=1 12/8/2006 21 PTC problem 49% of a remote mountain village can not taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). What do we know to calculate the frequency homozygous dominant for this trait? ________ heterozygous for this trait? ________ tasters of PTC? 12/8/2006 22 11 genotype frequencies: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0 q2 = 0.49 therefore, q = 0.7 p= 1-q = 1- 0.7 = 0.3 Homozygous dominant? Heterozygous? Tasters? 12/8/2006 23 genotype frequencies: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0 q2 = 0.49 therefore, q = 0.7 p= 1-q = 1- 0.7 = 0.3 Homozygous dominant = p2 = 0.09 Heterozygous= 2pq = 2(0.7 x 0.3) = 0.42 Tasters= p2 + 2pq OR 1 - q2 = 0.51 12/8/2006 24 12 Pedigree of PTC tasting in 2 related families open symbols are tasters; closed are non tasters 12/8/2006 25 Pattern of inheritance? What is the most likely genotype of I – 1: tt II – 3: TT III – 2: Tt III – 4: Tt or TT III – 11: TT 12/8/2006 26 13 the principle of segregation? the principle of independent assortment? a. Half of the gametes produced by an individual that is AaBb will be AB. b. Each gamete has an equal chance of getting either allele for a gene. c. Each gamete formed in an organism has two copies of each gene. d. Each gamete formed in an organism will have one copy of each gene. 12/8/2006 27 the principle of segregation? the principle of independent assortment? a. Half of the gametes produced by an individual that is AaBb will be AB. b. Each gamete has an equal chance of getting either allele for a gene. Independent Assortment c. Each gamete formed in an organism has two copies of each gene. d. Each gamete formed in an organism will have one copy of each gene. Segregation 12/8/2006 28 14 What is the relationship Between the principle of independent assortment and LINKAGE? 12/8/2006 29 Speciation What are the three requirements? 12/8/2006 30 15 Under what circumstance Would the accumulated genetic differences precede stopping gene flow? 12/8/2006 31 12/8/2006 32 16 Soapberry bugs (Freeman Fig 25.8) 12/8/2006 33 12/8/2006 34 17 12/8/2006 35 The END! Good luck on the final exam & Enjoy the rest of your BIO courses at UTM! 12/8/2006 36 18 Errors when chromosomes fail to separate properly –nondisjunction 12/8/2006 37 12/8/2006 38 19