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Mollusca Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Brachiopoda Phoronida Bryozoa Arthropoda Tardigrada Onychophora Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata ! Phylum Mollusca ! BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 1 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:29 AM Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Brachiopoda Phoronida Bryozoa Arthropoda Tardigrada Onychophora Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata ! ! “Trochozoans” • Trochophore larva 1 2 Animal innovations (apomorphies) 1. Schizocoel, and metanephridia filtering coelomic fluid 2. Dorsal heart and pericardial cavity Lophotrochozoa • Either presence of a U shaped gut and lophophore or • Trochophore larval stage Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Brachiopoda Phoronida Bryozoa Arthropoda Tardigrada Onychophora Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata BIO2135 Animal Form & Function Trochophore larva Apical tuft Stomach Ciliary band Mouth Anus BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 4 10:27 AM Schizocoelous coelom Ectoderm Endoderm BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Mesoderm 6 10:27 AM Page 1 Mollusca Metanepridia Nephrostome Tubule ! Cilia Bladder BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 7 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Extant Animalia ~1,300,000 species Mollusca ! Nephridiopore 10:27 AM Parazoa (1.2%) Radiata (0.9%) Protostomia (3.9%) • • • • • • Radula Dorsal mantle Calcerous spicules or shells Ventral ciliated muscular foot Retractor muscles Tetraneural nervous system Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Brachiopoda Phoronida Bryozoa Arthropoda Tardigrada Onychophora Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Mollusc diversity (Adaptive radiation) Platyzoa (2.2%) Platyhelminthes (1.9%) Others (0.3%) Lophotrochozoa (9.8%) Mollusca (8.5%) Annelida (0.9%) Others (0.5%) Ecdysozoa (82.0%) Crustecea (3.1%) Chelicerata (7.6%) Tracheata (70.3%) Others (1.1%) Deuterostomia (4.0%) Chordata (3.5%) Others (0.4%) 9 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Mollusc diversity Mollusc diversity (Adaptive radiation) (Adaptive radiation) BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 11 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form & Function BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10 10:27 AM 12 10:27 AM Page 2 Mollusca Mollusc diversity Mollusc diversity (Adaptive radiation) (Adaptive radiation) BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 13 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Mollusc diversity Mollusc diversity (Adaptive radiation) (Adaptive radiation) BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 15 10:27 AM Mollusc diversity 14 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 16 10:27 AM H.A.M. Hypothetical aggregate ancestor (Adaptive radiation) Pericardial cavity Metanephridium Mantle cavity Gonad Ctenidium Radula Stomach and digestive gland BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 17 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form & Function BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Foot 18 10:27 AM Page 3 Mollusca Radula Radula Odontophore Radular teeth BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 19 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 20 10:27 AM Dorsal mantle covers the visceral mass Radula Radular muscles Radula Odontophore Odontophore muscles BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Mouth 21 10:27 AM Secretes the shell BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 22 10:27 AM Ciliated ventral foot 23 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form & Function BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 24 10:27 AM Page 4 Mollusca Tetraneural nervous system Ctenidium (Respiration) G G G G G G G G G G BIO2135 Animal Form and Function G G 25 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 27 10:27 AM Pericardial cavity Urogenital duct Heart atrium BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Metanephridium Urogenital pore Heart ventricle Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 28 10:27 AM Pericardial cavity Gonad Pericardial cavity Ctenidium BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Excretory and reproductive systems Artery Artery 26 10:27 AM Open circulatory system with a pericardial cavity Complete digestive system Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Mantle cavity Mantle cavity 29 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form & Function BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Nephridiopore 30 10:27 AM Page 5 Mollusca H.A.M. Veliger larva Hypothetical aggregate ancestor Pericardial cavity Metanephridium Metanephridium Mantle cavity Gonad Velum Shell Ctenidium Stomach Radula Digestive cecum Foot Foot Stomach and digestive gland BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Esophagus 31 10:27 AM Mollusc Phylogeny BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 32 10:27 AM Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia ! ! Aplocophora ! Symplesiomorphies (autapomorphies) • Shell glands in mantle produce a solid shell • Mantle surrounds viscera • Digestive glands • Rippling of muscular foot ! • Foot inside a ventral pedal groove • Copulatory spicules BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 33 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:27 AM Mollusc Phylogeny Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia ! ! Polyplacophora ! (Autapomorphies) ! Symplesiomorphies • Univalve shell • Periostracum, prismatic and nacreous shell layers • Mantle margin trilobed • Crystalline style • Eight shell valves 35 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form & Function Page 6 Mollusca Mollusc shell Pearl formation Periostracum Periostracum Prismatic layer Prismatic layer Nacreous layer Nacreous layer Mantle epithelium Developing pearl Mantle lobes Epithelium BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 37 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 38 10:27 AM Mollusc Phylogeny Mollusc stomach Digestive glands Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Gastric shield ! Crystalline style Esophagus Style sac Ciliated sorting area ! Monoplacophora (Autapomorphies) • Multiple paired structures Intestine BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 39 40 10:27 AM 10:27 AM Mollusc Phylogeny Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia ! ! ! Symplesiomorphies • Visceral mass elongated on dorsal-ventral axis • Coiled shell • Well defined head BIO2135 Animal Form & Function ! Gastropoda (Autapomorphies) • Torsion • Concentration of visceral mass • Assymetric body plan Page 7 Mollusca Torsion Torsion Mouth Mouth Anus Heart Velum Ctenidium Anus Mouth Ctenidium Foot Mantle cavity BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 43 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:27 AM Snail Mantle cavity Anus Heart BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 44 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:27 AM Snail - Digestion Pneumostome Tentacle (Eye stalks) Shell Intestine Tentacle Anus Digestive gland Anus Foot Mouth Crop Salivary gland Mouth Genital pore BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 45 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:27 AM Snail - Reproduction Ovotestis BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 46 10:27 AM Terrestrial Hermaphroditic duct Albumin gland Seminal receptacle Combined sperm duct & oviduct Mucus gland Dart sac Penis Vagina BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Genital pore 47 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form & Function BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 48 10:27 AM Page 8 Mollusca Mollusc Phylogeny Adaptations as predators Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia ! ! Cephalopoda (Autapomorphies) • • • • • Closed circulatory system Ink sac Modifications of the foot Beak-like jaw Cartilaginous brain case BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 50 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Squid 10:27 AM Squid gas exchange Tentacle Shell (Pen) Arm Funnel (siphon) Systemic heart Branchial heart Fin Collar Eye Funnel BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 51 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Squid digestion Radula Salivary gland Digestive gland (liver) Ctenidium 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 52 10:27 AM Male squid Jaw Testis Anus Ink sac Penis Intestine Pancreas Stomach Cecum Hectocotylous arm BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 53 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form & Function BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 54 10:27 AM Page 9 Mollusca Female squid Colour production ● Elastic capsule chromatophores ● Iridiocytes ● Bioluminescence Ovary with eggs Oviducal gland Nidamental glands Squid camouflage1 Oviducal opening Squid camouflage2 BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 55 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 56 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:27 AM Squid Squid eye Eye ball nervous system Nerves to the posterior Iris Optic lobe Lens Retina Supraesophageal complex Cornea Optic nerves Statocyst Esophagus Subesophageal complex BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 57 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:27 AM Mollusc Phylogeny Brachial nerves to the arms BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 58 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:27 AM Mollusc Phylogeny Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia ! ! ! Symplesiomorphies • Modifications for a sedentary life • Digging foot • Mantle and shell surrounds entire body ! Scaphopoda (Autapomorphies) • Mantle closed on ventral side forming a tusk-like shell 60 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form & Function Page 10 Mollusca Mollusc Phylogeny H.A.M. Hypothetical aggregate ancestor Polyplacophora Gastropoda Scaphopoda Aplacophora Monoplacophora Cephalopoda Bivalvia Pericardial cavity Metanephridium Mantle cavity ! Gonad Ctenidium Radula ! Bivalvia (Autapomorphies) • Loss of radula • Lateral compression of the body • Ctenidia and mantle cavity specialized for filter feeding Foot Stomach and digestive gland BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 62 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Bivalve structures 10:27 AM Clam anatomy Hinge Metanephridium Pericardial cavity Heart Ctenidium Posterior shell adductor Labial palp Anterior shell adductor Excurrent siphon Incurrent siphon Foot Intestine Excurrent Stomach Incurrent Intestine BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 63 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:27 AM Clam anatomy Gonad BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 64 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:27 AM Clam anatomy Pericardial cavity Heart Digestive gland Intestine Excurrent Excurrent Stomach Incurrent Incurrent Intestine BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa Gonad 65 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form & Function BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 66 10:27 AM Page 11 Mollusca Circulatory system Clam anatomy Metanephridium Pericardial cavity Pericardial cavity Artery Heart Intestine Heart Atrium Excurrent Artery Incurrent Foot Ctenidium Gonad BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 67 Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 10:27 AM Clam ctenidia BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 68 10:27 AM Locomotion Interlamellar junctions Exhalent water Ostium Blood vessel Frontal cilia BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 69 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 70 10:27 AM Freshwater clam Glochidia BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Université d’Ottawa / University of Ottawa 71 10:27 AM BIO2135 Animal Form & Function Page 12
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