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ZOOLOGY
RNDr. Oldřich Sychra, Ph.D.
Doc. MVDr. Jiří Klimeš, CSc.
Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases
VFU Brno
ZOOLOGY
Lectures and practices each week during 1st half of semester!!
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
ZOOLOGY
Lecture Hall of
Dpt.
Chemistry
Mo
11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20
Dr.
Oldrich Sychra ([email protected]) – invertebrates
Dr. Vojtech Balaz – vertebrates (except herpetology)
Dr. Pavel Siroky – herpetology
practices
Tu
Dr. Vojtech Balaz ([email protected])
WeTomas Najer ([email protected])
Dr.
Zoology
group 4
Th
Zoology
group 3
Zoology
group 1
Zoology
group 2
Fr
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
Web: www.vfu.cz – Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases (building no. 32)
Materials for download – worksheets (this week 02A and 02B)!!!
http://fvhe.vfu.cz/adresa/sekce_ustavy/ubchvzz/english.html
Attention
This file contains images from the Internet and
books obtained without the approval of
copyright holder for publication. It is therefore
intended only for internal use by VFU Brno
students during their preparation for credits in
zoology. Further dissemination of this file is
forbidden.
ZOOLOGY
science studying animals
(animal biology)
protozoology
- study of protozoa
helminthology - study of parasitic „worms“
- study of parasites
parasitology
- study of molluscs
malacology
- study of ticks and mites
acarology
- study of insects
entomology
arachnoentomology - study of arthropods
- study of fishes
ichthyology
- study of amphibians and reptiles
herpetology
ornithology
- study of birds
mammalogy, theriology - study of mammals
zoogeography - study of animal distribution
- study of animal behaviour
ethology
- study of animal classification
taxonomy
Classification of animals
Domein
Taxonomy - hierarchical system
Regnum (kingdom)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
SPECIES
binomial nomenclature
Carl Linné (1707-1778)
Species – reproductive community of
population (reproductively isolated from
others) that occupies a specific niche in
nature.
Subregnum
Divisio
Subdivisio
Phylum
Subphylum
Cladius
Superclassis
Classis (class)
Subclassis
Infraclassis
Sectio
Legio
Superordo
Ordo (order)
Subordo
Infraordo
Cohors
Falanx
Superfamilia
Familia (family)
Subfamilia
Tribus
Subtribus
Genus
Subgenus
Species
subspecies
Unicellular eukaryotes:
PROTISTS (Protista, Protoctista)
FUNGI
PLANTAE
ANIMALIA
Former
classification
of eukaryotes
into 5
kingdoms
FUNGI
CHROMISTA
PROTOZOA
PLANTAE
ANIMALIA
plants, algae
Apicomplexa,
cilliates,
dinoflagellates
amoebas
(forams,
radiolarians)
animals
Choanozoa
Fungi
amoebas (Entamoeba,
Acanthamoeba, Pelomyxa)
6 „kingdoms“
Flagellates
(mastigophorans),
Naegleria,
Adl et al. (2005)
„Kingdom: PROTOZOA“
Unicellular eukaryotes
(„animal-like protists“)
mostly microscopic (size mm – mm)
→ intracellular specialization
(locomotion, food acquisition, digestion,
water and ion regulation, sensory
perception, reproduction)
10000 species
Free-living, parasites, symbionts,
commensals
Locomotion: flagella, cilia, pseudopods
Asexual reproduction
Binary fission – transversal
(ciliates)
multiple fission – schizogony (Apicomplexa)
Sexual reproduction (Apicomplexa)
Encystation
Vegetative forms (trophozoites) → cysts
Binary fission - longitudinal
(„flagellates“)
EXCAVATA
„Flagellates“ – former phylum Sarcomastigophora,
subphylum Mastigophora, even earlier class Flagellata
Phylum: Fornicata
Order: Diplomonadida
Giardia intestinalis (formerly Lamblia)
adhesive disc, mitochondria absent,
extracellular intestinal parasite - diarrhoea
Phylum: Parabasala
• axostyle, parabasal body,
hydrogenosomes
• Trichomonas vaginalis
• vaginitis in women
• many species important
in veterinary medicine
(poultry, pigeons, cattle)
Phylum: Euglenozoa
Class: Euglenoidea
occurrence – free living in fresh water
locomotion – flagella
nutrition – mixotrophic (chloroplasts)
red eyespot – stigma (phototaxe)
Formerly object of conflict between botanists and zoologists
– but they are neither plants nor animals!
Phylum: Euglenozoa
Class: Kinetoplastidea
Kinetoplast – basal body of flagellum, derived from a mitochondrion
mainly parasites, extracellular
important in human and veterinary medicine
Genus Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma brucei - transmitted with saliva of a vector
– tse-tse fly (Glossina spp.)
Humans – sleeping sickness
(Africa)
Trypanosoma cruzi – transmitted
from the feces of a vector
“kissing bugs” (Triatoma spp.)
Humans – Chagas disease
(Central and South America)
Chromalveolata
Phylum: Apicomplexa
obligate, often intracellular endoparasites
apical complex – penetration into host’s cells
single host (monoxenous)
more hosts (heteroxenous)
Class: Coccidea
sporocyst
oocyst
Eimeria spp. – monoxenous, GIT of domestic animals
Internal structure of oocysts is genus-specific, which enables
parasite determination in fecal samples!
sporozoite
Life cycle of (monoxenous) Apicomplexa:
merogony (=schizogony) – gam(et)ogony - sporogony
Toxoplasma gondii
heteroxenous,
definitive host (sexual phase of life cycle) = cats (intestine)
Humans infected from contaminated soil or raw/underdone meat, milk
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Class: Haematozoea= Aconoidasida
Blood parasites of vertebrates, vectors – insects, ticks
Plasmodium spp. – causative agent of malaria
vector – Anopheles mosquito
MALARIA
most common cause of human death throughout history
second only to wars (1 mil per year)
no vaccination available (changes of surface antigens),
prevention: mosquito nets, elimination of vectors, antimalarial
medication
mainly wet tropical lowlands
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Piroplasmida
Lat. pirus = pear
Babesia, Theileria
vector – ticks
acaricidal baths
Chromalveolata
Phylum: ciliates (Ciliophora)
formerly Infusoria
macronucleus (metabolic activities),
micronucleus (genetic reserve – conjugation)
contractile vacuoles – osmoregulation
cytostome, food vacuoles, cytoproct
encystation
Paramecium caudatum
2
Conjugation
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
– fish ectoparasite
Entodinium
symbionts in herbivores
Amoebozoa
(amoebas, former phylum Rhizopoda or subphylum Sarcodina)
among protozoans, most closely related group to animals (except choanoflagellates)
locomotion – pseudopodia – phagocytosis
lobopodia, filopodia, reticulopodia, axopodia
Amoeba proteus
- free living
Amoebozoa
Entamoeba histolytica - amoebic dysentery –
3rd most important parasitic disease
(100,000 deaths per year)
Bloody mucous diarrhea
OPISTHOKONTA
• Fungi
• Choanoflagellata
• Animals (Metazoa)
1 flagellum (x Bikonta)
Choanoflagellata
formerly classified as Protozoa
Proterospongia sp.
x choanocytes of sponges
Preadaptation to
multicellularity, „microvilli“
Diblastica x Triblastica (body cavities)
Acoelomate
(schizocoel - parenchyma)
ektoderm
entoderm
mesoderm
Pseudocoelomate
(body cavity from blastocoel)
Eucoelomate
(true body cavity)
protostomes
deuterostomes
Mosaic
(determinate)
development
protostomes
mouth from
blastopore
deuterostomes
anus from
blastopore
regulative
development
spiral
cleavage
radial
cleavage
mouth
anus
circulatory system
gut
nervous system
METAZOA
Annelida
Nematoda
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Platyhelminthes
Acanthocephala
Echinodermata
Cnidaria
Porifera
METAZOA
32-36 recent phyla
(1/2 entirely marine)
(in 1/3 are parasites)
Phylum: sponges (Porifera)
Phylum: sponges (Porifera)
Aquatic, mainly marine, sessile, colonies; 9000 species
Filter feeders
ectoderm
osculum
entoderm
choanocytes
ostia
mesoglea
spongocoel
Endoskeleton - spongin (=collagen),
spicules (calcareous, siliceous)
Phylum: sponges (Porifera)
Reproduction
asexual – budding - outer or inner = gemmules
(freshwater species – unfavourable conditions, dispersion)
sexual – free-swiming larva
freshwaters species
Phylum: Cnidaria
Phylum: Cnidaria
formerly: Coelenterata; 9000 species
undischarged nematocyst
stinging cells (cnidocytes) with
with coiled threat
nematocysts - neurotoxin
gastrovascular cavity
diffuse nerve net
epidermis
radial symmetry
epidermis
of prey
discharged
nematocyst
Phylum: Cnidaria
reproduction - metagenesis
medusa – sexual reproductioon
larva
Turritopsis nutricula
– „immortal“ animal
polyp – asexual r. – budding, strobilation
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa – only polyp stage; sea anemones; hard corals
(calcareous exoskeleton) & horny corals (endoskeleton from protein coenenchym)
Class: Hydrozoa
hydrocorals;
some form
polymorphic
Hydra sp.
colonies)
freshwater jellyfish
Class: Scyphozoa
free-swimming
jellyfishes
Class: Cubozoa
box jellyfishes
the most venomous
creatures in the world
Myxozoa
• microscopic parasites of fishes; 1300 species
• formerly classified as Protozoa
• today placed as close relatives of jellyfishes (Scyphozoa)
• multicelular spores resemble nematocysts of cnidarians
• life cycles include annelids, bryzoans
• Myxobolus cerebralis - „whirling disease“ of trouts
• Myxobolus pfeifferi – „barbel plague“
polar capsules
with polar filament
sporoblast cells
Phylum: flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Phylum: flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
BILATERIA – TRIBLASTICA
PROTOSTOMIA
Superphylum: LOPHOTROCHOZOA / PLATYZOA
cephalization
ladder-like type of
nervous system
radial symmetry
diffuse
nerv net –of
Porifera,
Cnidaria
cnidarians
Phylum: flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
20 000 species
body cavity – „schizocoel“ – hydrostatic skeleton
excretion: protonephridia – flame cells
Repro: asexual, sexual – mostly monoecious
(hermaphrofroditic) – protandrous
• free-living – aquatic, terrestrial (moist soil)
Class: planarians (Turbellaria) (4500 species) – bioindicators
body covered with ciliated epidermis – locomotion
GIT: incomplete (no anus) with protruded pharynx
• parasitic (subphylum: Neodermata)
Class: flukes (Trematoda) (8000 species)
Class: tapeworms (Cestoda) (3500 species)
Class: Monogenea (4000 species)
Tegument = neodermis (syncytial epithelium) – protection
against host´s digestive juices, absorption of nutrients
Phylum: flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Class: flukes (Trematoda) (8000 species)
body with oral and ventral suckers
GIT: incomplete (no anus)
indirect development - difficult life cycles
- intermediate hosts (snails, insects)
pedogenetic polyembryony
final host
metacercaria
adult fluke
ciliated larva
miracidium
egg
intermediate host
Galbula truncatula
Sheep liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica
sporocyst with rediae
cercaria
redia with cercariae
Schistosoma spp.
gonochorists
Schistosomosis = bilharziosis (formerly genus
Bilharzia); liver cirrhosis (accumulation of eggs)
Second the most important parasitic disease
(200 millions of people)
♂
♀
egg with a spine
penetration of cercariae through skin
swimmer´s
itch - also
in the CZ
Phylum: flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Class: tapeworms (Cestoda) (3500 species)
scolex, collum, strobila, proglottids
no digestive tract
Order: Pseudophyllidea
broad fish tapeworm
(Diphyllobothrium latum)
aquatic environment
coracidium
copepod (procerkoid)
fish (plerocerkoid)
Ligula intestinalis - plerocercoid
Order: Cyclophyllidea
in intermediate host - larva onkosphere - larvocyst
(metacestod, „bladderworm“)
– cysticercus (1),coenurus (10), echinococcus (400000 ex.)
beef
Taenia saginata (4-10 m)
pork
Taenia solium (3-8 m)
cysticercus
= 1 scolex
oncosphere
Echinococcus granulosus (2-9 mm)
Phylum: flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Class: Monogenea (4000 species)
• aquatic ectoparasites of fishes
• formerly classified among flukes (x Digenea)
• attachment organs - prohaptor, opisthaptor (opisthen=rear)
• hermaphrodites, no intermediate hosts, some are viviparous
• larva oncomiracidium nebo diporpa
• Gyrodactylus, Dactylogyrus
embryo
Diplozoon paradoxum
opisthaptor
larva hatches from egg
attached with filaments
to gills