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Global Winds AOSC 200 Tim Canty Class Web Site: http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~tcanty/aosc200 Topics for today: Global Wind Patterns Deserts Jet Stream Monsoons Ocean transport Ocean cycles Lecture 16 Mar 30 2017 Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 1 Today’s Weather Map http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/sfc2.shtml Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 2 Today’s Weather Map http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/sfc/ussatsfc.gif Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 3 Today’s Weather Map http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/radar_mosaic.html Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 4 Global Temperatures What region of the planet is warmest? What happens to the air at this location? Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 5 Regions of the World Fig Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 7.24: Essentials of Meteorology 6 Temperature Profile Temperature Inversion Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 7 Thermal Wind Height of tropopause decreases as you get closer to poles Fig 6-23 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 8 Hadley Cell Fig Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 7.24: Essentials of Meteorology 9 Geostrophic Flow Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 10 Conceptual Model Polar Cell Ferrel Cell http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1400/circulation.html Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 11 Global Winds Fig 7-1 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 12 Hadley Cell Fig 7-7 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 13 The Jet Streams Tropopause height decreases as you move toward Pole Jet Streams form where the fronts meet Wind speeds greater than 100 mph Notice: the fronts are slanted toward the N. Pole Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 14 The Jet Streams Tropopause height decreases as you move toward Pole Pressure Gradient Force will push the air from south to north, Coriolis forces will move it to the right in the N. Hemisphere. Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 15 The Jet Streams (strong upper level Westerlies) Fig Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 7.33: Essentials of Meteorology 16 Force Balance in 3-D When air converges at a surface low pressure system, it can get pushed up and condense What happens when air sinks toward a surface high pressure system? Fig 6-24 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 17 Force Balance in 3-D The air will warm as it sinks and gets drier This sinking air will also inhibit convection Fig 6-24 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 18 Conceptual Model Polar Cell Ferrel Cell http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1400/circulation.html Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 19 ITCZ The region where the trade winds meet, near the Equator is called the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Fig Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 7.27: Essentials of Meteorology 20 Sea-level pressure in Summer Low pressure systems form over land in N.H. summer: Thermal Lows ITCZ has moved northward Similar pattern develops in S.H during summer Fig Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 7.28: Essentials of Meteorology 21 Sea-level pressure in Winter Low pressure systems form over land in N.H. summer: Thermal Lows ITCZ has moved northward Similar pattern develops in S.H during summer Fig Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 7.28: Essentials of Meteorology 22 Monsoon ITCZ shifts northward Land heats up and pressure gradient forms, wind blows from ocean to land Wind brings moist air from ocean, which condenses and rains out over land Himalayas force air up leading to additional rainfall Fig 7-21 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 23 Monsoon Aloft air descends over water, picks up more moisture, completes cycle. In fall and winter, ITCZ moves south Wind flow is reversed, winter monsoon is dry Fig 7-21 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 24 Monsoon Wet Season Dry Season ITCZ is south, dry surface air flows off of Tibetan plateau ITCZ is north, moist surface air flows off of Indian ocean onto land Fig Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 7.20: Essentials of Meteorology 25 Monsoon Fig Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 7.21: Essentials of Meteorology 26 Sea-level pressure in Summer N.H. summer: thermal lows over land, high pressure over ocean Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 27 Ocean Currents Fig 8-6 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 28 Ocean Currents North Atlantic Gyre driven by trade winds and Westerlies Fig 8-8 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 29 Ekman Transport Ocean water pushed by wind but is also affect by Coriolis forces Fig Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 7.39: Essentials of Meteorology 30 Ekman Spiral and Ekman Transport http://www.meted.ucar.edu/fogstrat/ic31/ic313/graphics/comet/ekman.gif Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland 31 This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty Ekman Spiral and Ekman Transport Water off the coast of Southern California is cold and teeming with life Great for fishing!!!! Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 32 Ocean Currents Fig 8-6 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 33 Conceptual Model Polar Cell Ferrel Cell http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1400/circulation.html Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 34 Normal Conditions Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty El Niño: warm water sloshes to the east During an El Nino, easterly trade winds weaken and warm water is Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland transported from western pacific to eastern pacific This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty El Niño Warming of Pacific Ocean off coast of South America near Ecuador and Peru. May lead to variations in weather Fig 8-11 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 37 Multivariate El Niño Southern Oscillation Index Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI): based on observations of sea-level pressure, zonal and meridional components of the surface wind, sea surface temperature, surface air temperature, and total cloudiness fraction of the sky over tropical Pacific http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/enso/mei/ Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 38 How does El Niño affect Hurricanes? Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 39 How does El Niño affect Hurricanes? Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 40 How does El Niño affect global weather? • Western Pacific: less rainfall as warm water moves east. • Shift in rain patterns moves subtropical jet stream from its normal path. • Change in path of sub-tropical jet allows El Niño to affect the weather and climate of the midlatitudes as well as the tropics. • The commodities markets use the NOAA El Niño forecasts to influence buying and selling. Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty El Niño: Global Weather Fig 8-14 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 42 La Niña: Global Weather Fig 8-17 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 43 Pacific Decadal Oscillation https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/pdo/ Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 44 North Atlantic Oscillation Positive NAO: Both the Bermuda High and Icelandic Low strengthen Negative NAO: Both the Bermuda High and Icelandic Low weaken Fig Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 7.28: Essentials of Meteorology 45 North Atlantic Oscillation Positive Phase Negative Phase Shift in atmospheric pressure between polar low near N. Pole and subtropical high over Atlantic Fig 8-18 Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere Copyright © 2017 University of Maryland This material may not be reproduced or redistributed, in whole or in part, without written permission from Tim Canty 46
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