Download Heart workbook ANSWERS_Nyboer

Bio 20 – Ms. Nyboer
Arteries, Veins, Capillaries, and the Heart Structure and
Function Workbook
Use your textbook (Ch. 10) and notes to fill in this workbook
Part A: Arteries, Veins, Capillaries
1.
Label the Diagram using the following terms:
artery, arterioles, vein, venules, capillaries, valve, inner wall, middle
wall, outer wall
2.
Use blue and red to indicate oxygenated blood (red), deoxygenated blood
(blue), or both.
3.
Compare the structure and function of the three types of blood vessels
Blood Vessel
Artery
Structure Description
Thicker walls, stretchy and
elastic
Vein
Thinner walls
Valves
Use skeletal muscle
One cell thick
Capillary
Function
Brings blood at high
pressure away from the
heart
Brings blood to the
heart at lower pressure
Diffusion of nutrients,
gases, and wastes to
nearby tissue
4. Explain what happens to the blood vessels when someone blushes. Why
does this happen?
Arterioles vasodilate, allowing more blood flow, giving the pink/red
colour.
Body is in a stressful situation (normally) and increases blood flow to
the brain
5. Are all of the capillaries open all the time? Why or why not? What
determines whether a capillary is open?
No, because not all places in your body need blood at the same time.
After eating, your digestive system needs blood, so the dilate (etc)
6. Explain the importance of Harvey’s theory on our knowledge of blood
today.
Quantified amount of blood
Calculated that the heart must contain 57mL and pump 14.8L each
hour
But he asked why there was not that much blood in our bodies at
once?
The heart must be pumping the same blood over and over again
7. Fluid pressure is very low in the veins. Explain how blood makes its way
back to the heart.
Valves and contraction of skeletal muscle
8. How is pulse created?
Blood at systole (highest pressure) is pumped through our arteries,
which are elastic. They expand to let the blood through, creating
pulse.
9. Compare and contrast atherosclerosis and an aneurysm. Include what it
is, where it is commonly found, and what it does.
Atherosclerosis: fat deposits on the inner wall of arteries
Aneurysm: buldge that forms in a weakened blood vessel (usually
artery) that can burst, resulting in less/no O2 being delivered to
tissue, which can then die
10. What are varicose veins? How are they caused? How can they be
prevented?
Veins in the leg where the valves no longer close properly, resulting in
blood moving downward. They tend to collapse on themselves and give
a spidery appearance
They can be prevented by moving and stretching your legs after long
periods of inactivity.
11. Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Where is this found?
Vasoconstriction: arterioles become smaller (constrict)
Vasodilation: arterioles become larger (dilate)
Found in the arterioles
12. Do all arteries carry oxygen-rich blood and all veins carry oxygendeprived blood? Explain your answer.
No.
Pulmonary Artery carries blood to the lungs (deoxygenated)
Pulmonary Vein carries blood back to the heart from the lungs
(oxygenated)
Part B: The Heart
1. Fill in the chart explaining the function of the structure. Remember, you
must be able to label a heart and show the direction of blood flow!
Heart Structure
Right and left atria (singular: atrium)
Function of Heart Structure
Right and left ventricles
Septum
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Aorta
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve
Semilunar valves
2. Why are the ventricles thicker than the atria? Which ventricle is the
thickest – right or left? Why?
Ventricles pump out of the heart
Left pumps to whole body, while right pumps to lungs
3. Explain the difference between the pulmonary, systemic, and coronary
circuits.
Pulmonary: between the heart and lungs
Systemic: between the heart and body
Coronary: between the heart and heart muscle
4. What is a coronary bypass? When is it used and what does it do?
Coronary artery (gives blood to heart tissue) can get blocked and we
must find a new way to supply the heart with blood
Another vein is grafted and attached to the coronary artery, bypassing
the plugged artery so the heart can get blood (pg. 320)
5. Describe cardiac catheterization and explain its usefulness.
Procedure to determine if someone has a problem with their coronary
artery
Uses dye to trace a path through the vessels and see if there is any
blockage
Can also take blood samples to determine O2 levels
6. What is a myogenic muscle? Give an example.
Myogenic muscle: muscle that contracts without external nerve control
Example: the heart
7. Describe the pathway of nerve impulses through the heart. Refer to the
terms sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Perkinje fibres.
Medulla Oblongata controls heart rate
Sinoatrial node (in the R. Atrium) acts as a pacemaker, setting the
beat at 70/min.
SA node sends an electrical impulse to the atrioventricular node
The AV node sends an impulse to Purkinje fibres, down the septum of
the heart and up the 2 ventricles
This tells the ventricles to contract
8. What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous system?
Sympathetic: prepares the body for stress (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic: returns the body to normal after stress
9. What is tachycardia? Why could it be dangerous?
Tachycardia: fast heart beat
Could result in heart failure, heart attack, blood clots…
10. Explain the terms systole and diastole.
Systole: contraction of the heart where blood is pushed out of the
ventricles; Highest Pressure
Diastole: relaxation of the heart where atria fill with blood; Lowest
pressure
11. What causes the “lubb-dubb” sounds of the heart?
Lubb: closing of the AV valves
Dubb: closing of the semilunar valves
12. What is a cause of heart murmurs?
Improper closing of a valve so blood leaks back
13. Explain the differences in the strength of the pulse between the carotid
artery (neck) and the brachial artery (wrist).
Carotid: higher pressure, closer to the heart
Brachial: lower pressure, farther from the heart
14. Explain the change in pulse after exercise.
Blood is flowing faster and your heart is beating more per minute to
increase rate of O2 through your body
15. Explain the effect of Epinepherine on the heart and how beta blockers
work to counter this.
Epinephrine increases heart rate and vasoconstricts blood vessels. This
leads to increased Blood Pressure
Beta blockers can tie up to receptor sites for epinephrine, which will
not allow it to work properly and increase blood pressure
16. Predict some advantages and disadvantages of artificial hearts/valves
over donor hearts.
Can be artificial, do not need a fully healthy heart (just the valve),
less risk, can be taken from animals…more?
17. What is cardiac output? What is stroke volume? Show how the two
are related (formula).
Cardiac Output: amount of blood pumped/min
Stroke Volume: amount of blood pumped/beat
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
18. What is hypertension?
High blood pressure
19. How does exercise affect heart rate? How does exercise affect blood
pressure? Explain. Provide another example of something that could
affect blood pressure and heart rate and predict HOW it would change
them.
Exercise increases Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
Epinephrine is released (sympathetic nervous system does this = stress)
and this increases HR and BP
20. What two factors does blood pressure depend on?
Cardiac output AND arteriolar resistance
21. How do “goosebumps” help protect against rapid cooling?
Contraction of muscle makes hair stand up straight, causing a bump n
the skin (goosebump). This erect hair traps warm air on the surface of
your skin to reduce heat loss
22. What behavioural adjustments affect thermoregulation?
Putting on clothes, exercising, rubbing your skin, etc
23. What sets the heart beat/rate and where is it located? What other
name is it known as?
SA node; Pacemaker
Part C – Capillary Beds and Lymph Nodes
1. What two factors regulate the exchange of fluid between capillaries and
ECF?
Fluid pressure and osmotic pressure
2. Use the capillary exchange model to explain how the body maintains
equilibrium following a hemorrhage.
Fluid pressure is diminished, but osmotic pressure never changes. Force
drawing water from the tissues and ECF is greater than the force
pushing them out of the capillary, so more fluid enters the capillary
and fluid volume is restored
3. Why does a low concentration of plasma protein cause edema?
Edema = tissue swelling
Decreased proteins causes lower osmotic pressure, which then makes
water leave the capillary to the tissue
4. What are lymph vessels and how are they related to the circulatory
system?
Part of the lymphatic system and are intertwined with the circulatory
system. They take leakage out of the circulatory system
5. What is lymph? How is lymph transported in the body? Where does
lymph eventually go?
Lymph: fluid in lymph vessels that has proteins from capillary walls. It
eventually goes to lymph nodes
6. Why are the lymphocytes important to the immune system?
Produce antibodies (kills bad invaders)
7. What is the importance of the spleen?
Filters lymph and stores blood