Download Greek Rules BBG Chapters 26-30 Data

Classical definition of middle voice
1. The classical definition of the middle voice is th at the action of
a verb in the middle voice in some way affects the subject.
2. This is called "self-interest"
3. This is not reflexive
4. "I loose for myself"
Actual definition of middle voice
1. The force of the middle voice is actually more active than
reflexive.
2. Normally, the middle voice has the same meaning as the active.
3. Context will show if "self-interest" is present
4. Just because the verb is in the middle does not mean the "selfinterest" nuance is present
Rules for Parsing middle voice
1. If you can clearly tell it is a middle (future, aorist), then say it is a
middle
2. If the middle is deponent, say deponent instead of middle
(memorize deponent verbs)
3. If you cannot tell it is middle (present, imperfect, perfect), for
now assume it is passive or depenonent. Only context will prove it
to be middle.
Participle formation in English
Participles are formed by adding "-ing" to a verb. "The man, eating
by the window..." "eating" is a participle.
Participles as verbal adjectives (English)
1. A participle has both verbal characteristcs and adjectival
aspects.
2. Participles can tell us something about a verb or about a noun.
Participial phrase (English)
A participial phrase occurs when a participle has modifiers such
as a direct object or an adverb. In translation, identifying the
beginning and end of the participial phrase is key.
Greek vs English participles
Almost all rules regarding English participles are also true of
Greek participles.
Adverbial and adjectival aspects of Greek participles
1. Because a participle is a verbal adjective, it shares the
characteristics of both verbs and adjectives.
2. As a verb, participles have tense and voice.
3. As an adjective, participles agree with the word they are
modifying in case, number, and gender.
Which verbs can be participles?
Participles can be built on any verb.
Morpheme
A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in the formation of a
word.
Aspect of participles
1. The key to understanding the meaning of participles is to recognize that
their significance is primarily one of aspect (type of action). Participles do
not necessarily indicate when an action occurs (time-past, present).
2. The present participle indicates continuous action and is formed from
the present stem of a verb.
3. The aorist participle describes an action without commenting on the
nature of the action (undefined) and is formed from the aorist stem of a
verb.
4. The perfect participle describes a completed action with present effects
and is formed from the perfect stem of a verb.
Participle aspect and tense stem for present/aorist/perfect
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Two basic uses of the participle
Because a participle is a verbal adjective, it performs one of two
basic functions depending on whether its verbal or adjectival
aspect is emphasized.
Adverbial participle use
The action described by the participle is primarily directed toward
the verb. This kind of participle is usually translated with an
adverbial phrase.
Adjectival participle use
The action described by an adjectival participle, the action
described by the participle primarily modifies a noun or pronoun.
This kind of participle is usually translated as an adjectival phrase.
How to differentiate adjectival and adverbial participles
Context determines whether a participle is adverbial or adjectival.
Its form does not vary.
What tenses can participles be built on?
Present, aorist, perfect
Write out the participle morpheme chart
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Participle Voice
A participle can be active, middle, passive, or deponent. If the verb
is deponent, its correpsonding participle will be dpeonent. Greek
uses different participle morphemes for the different voices.
1. Active participle means the word it is modifying is doing the
action of the participle.
2. Passive participle means the word it is modifying is receiving
the action of the participle.
3. Deponents are the same as active.
Participle rules as adjectives
1. As an adjective, the participle mus agree with the noun it
modifies in case, number and gender.
2. This is how an adjective behaves, so the grammar is not new.
Subject of the participle
A participle technically does not have a subject. However,
because a participle must agree in case, number, and gender with
the word it is modifiying, it is a relatively easy task to discover who
is doing (or receiving) the action of the participle.
Participle modifiers
A participle has other characteristics that it shares with verbs:
1. It can have a direct object in the accusative.
2. A participle can also have modifiers such as prepositional
phrases, adverbs, etc.
Participle Negation
The negatiou ou (omicron upsilon)is normally used in the
indicative. Since the participle is not an indicative form, participles
are usually negated by mey (mu eta). It has the same meaning as
ou
Participle personal endings
The participle does not use personal verb endings. It is not a finite
verbal form and therefore is not limited by a subject.
Parsing participles
Because the participle is a verbal adjective, there are eight things
to remember:
tense, voice, "participle" (say "participle" instead of mood as in
normal verb parsing), case, number, gender, lexical form, meaning
of inflected form
Overview of Greek Present Adverbial Participle
1. The present participle is built on the present tense stem of the verb.
2. It describes continuous action (often difficult to carry this "on-going" nuance
into translation, but must not forget it)
3. The action described by the present adverbial participle is related to the
verb.
4. Even though the participle is adverbial, it still must agree to the
noun/pronoun in case, number, and gender
5. If the participle is active, the word it modifies does the action. If the participle
is passive, the word it modifies receives the action of the partciple.
6. The adverbial participle is always anarthrous.
How are present active (continuous) participles formed?
present tense stem + connecting vowel + active participle
morpheme + case endings
Write out the present active participle declension
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Participles from contract verbs
Contract verbs are regular in their participial forms. The contract
vowel contracts with the connecting vowel as it does in the
indicative.
Eimi participle rules
1. The active froms of eimi look like the participle morpheme with
case endings.
2. They always have a smooth breathing.
3. Translate theme with the English participle "being"
4. Their can be no passive form of eimi.
Write out the eimi present active participle paradigm
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Four normal participle translation meanings
1. Easiest: add "-ing" to the verb ("walking")
2. Temporal: add "while" ("while walking")
3. Causal: add "because" ("because he was…")
4. Passive: add "being" ("being glorified")
Participle Translation Procedures
1. Aspect: present = continuous; aorist = undefined; perfect =
completed
2. Voice: Active, middle, or passive (don't forget deponent verbs)
3. Meaning: what does the lexical form mean (includes finding
participle's case, number, and gender so you can see which word
it modifies)
Participles and Time
Participles indicate relative time: their time is relative to the main verb.
1. Indicate relative time by adding a helping verb ("was praying")
a. Aorist verb would produce "was praying"
b. Present verb would produce "is praying"
2. It may also help to add a pronoun "he was praying"
3. The pronoun you use is determined by the word the participle is modifying;
the helping verb is determined by the time of the main verb
4. Never let the distingction of relative time overrule the significance of aspect.
Aspect of participles is always primary and takes priority over time.
Differences between present participle and aorist participle
Grammar is the same except for form and aspect
Aorist Participle Translation
1. Aspect: undefined action!!!! Tells you nothing about the aspect
of the action other than that it occurred.
2. Just as you can use "while" in translating the present, use
"after" in translating the aorist
3. Don't forget the aspect is undefined!!!
How is the first aorist participle formed?
Unaugmented first aorist stem + tense formative + participle
morpheme + case endings
What are the first aorist participle tense formatives?
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Do aorist participles have an augment? Why?
Augments are used in the indicative mood to indicate absolute
past time; however, the participle does not indicate absolute time,
so the aorist participle is unaugmented. NOTE: discovering the
unaugmented stem can be tricky.
Write out the first aorist active participle paradigm
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Write out the first aorist middle participle paradigm
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Write out the first aorist passive participle paradigm
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How is the second aorist participle formed
Unaugmented second aorist stem + participle morpheme + case
endings
Write out the second aorist active participle paradigm
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Write out the second aorist middle participle paradigm
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Write out the second aorist passive participle paradigm
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First aorist tense formatives for participles
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Participles and declension endings
1. Feminine participle always uses first declension endings
2. Active masculine and neuter participles use third declension
endings.
3. Middle and passive masculine and neuter participles use
second declension endings.
List and describe the two functions of adjectival participles
Attributive: functions as an adjective
Substantival: functions as a noun
Attributive Adjectival Participles
The attributive participle will modify some otther noun or pronoun
in the sentence and will agree with that word in case, numbeer,
and gender, just like an adjective. The simplest translation is with
the "ing" form. Attributive participles are always preceded by an
article.
Substantival Adjectival Participles
The substantival adjectival participle functions as a noun. The
case, number, and gender are determined by the function of the
participle in the sentence. If an adjective is substantival, there will
be no noun for it to modify.
Adjectival Participles and articles
Attributive participles always have an article. Substantival
participles may have an article.
Translation of Attributive Participles
The simplest translation is with the "ing" form: The man
speaking… You do not use the key words "while", "after", and
"because" because they only apply to adverbial participles.
Translation of Substantival Participles
As is the case with a substantival adjective, the translation of a
substantival participle will often require the addition of extra words,
such as "the one who is". Use common sense in the words you
add. You do not use the key words "while", "after", and "because"
because they only apply to adverbial participles.
Aspect of adjectival participles
While the basic aspectual difference between a continuous
(present) and undefined (aorist) participle is still true, the
significance of aspect is lessened in the attributive participle and is
much weaker in the substantival particple. In translating you do
not need to work as hard to bring in the aspect.
Differentiating attributive versus substantival participles
Context is the key. Is there a noun being modified? Then
attributive. Otherwise, substantival.
Differentiating adverbial versus adjectival participles
Two clues:
1. Adverbial participles are always anarthrous (no article), so if
there is an article it must be adjectival. If the participle is articular
(preceded by an article), it is likely (but not certainly) adverbial.
2.Context: What makes the most sense in the context?
Overview of Greek Perfect Participle
The perfect participle is formed on the perfect tense stem and
carries the same significance that the perfect does in the
indicative. It indicates a completed action that has consequences
in the present. As a reminder, the time is present from the
standpoint of the speaker/writer, not necessarily the reader.
Translation of Perfect Participles
A general suggestion is to use "(after) having…" and the past
perfect form of the verb (e.g., "after having eaten"). The use of
"after" is optional, depending upon context.
Formation of perfect participles (general)
1. Reduplication: the perfect participle is built on the perfect tense
stem. The reduplication is retained since it is not the same thing
as the augment, indicating past time.
2. Stem: If a verb has a first perfect indicative, it will use that first
perfect stem in the formation of the perfect participle. There are
only a few second perfect participles, and they can be memorized.
How are perfect active participles formed?
Reduplication + perfect tense stem + tense formative (kappa) +
participle morpheme + case endings
What are the perfect participle morphemes?
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Write out the perfect active participle declension
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How are perfect passive participles formed?
Reduplication + perfect tense stem + participle morpheme + case
endings
Write out the perfect middle/passive participle declension
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What is a genitive absolute?
A genitive absolute is a noun or a pronoun and a participle in the
genitive that are not grammatically connected ot the rest of the
sentence.
Helpful hints on genitive absolutes
1. The genitive absolute is often used when the noun or pronoun
doing the action of the participle is different from the subject of the
sentence.
2. It is also possible for the participle to have modifiers, such as a
direct object, adverb, etc.
3. The genitive absolute tends to occur at the beginning of a
sentence in narrative material.
Translation of genitive absolutes
1. The translation of the genitive absolute is idiomatic, that is, you
cannot translate word for word. See what it says in Greek, and
then say the same basic thing in English, trying to emphasize the
aspect of the participle.
2. Most New Testament genitive absolutes are temporal, and you
will translate them as a temporal clause. Use "while" if present
tense and "after" if aorist.
3. If there is a "subject" in the genitive, use it and the finite form of
the verb ("while he heard").
What is a periphrastic construction and how is it translated?
Greek uses eimi and a participle together to state a single idea.
Originally used to emphasize continuous force, but this emphasis
is not part of Koine Greek. Translate the periphrastic construction
just as you would the regular formation of the tense.
What are 3 alternate translations for Adverbial participles?
1. Insatrumental Participle
2. Regular verb
3. Concessive participle
Adverbia participles as instrumental participles
Adverbial participles can indicate the means by which an action
occurred, using the key word "by": "we toil by working with our
hands"
Adverbial participles as regular verbs
In certain constructions where a participle accompanies a verb,
the participle is best translated as a finite verb: "but Jesus
answered (and) said"
Adverbial participles as concessive participles
Some participles state a concessive idea and the key word is
"though": "for though (I am) a sinner"
Write out the present middle/passive participle declension
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