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2013-05-17
Symbioses
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Host – parasite interaction 01
Paulina Kramarz
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Intimate interaction between different organisms, where at least one of the
parties is obligatorily dependent on the association as a part of its life history
Host organism - the provider of resources or the resource base,
Symbionts - the consumers of the resources, may or may not provide services in
return
Mutualism - both the host and symbiont reciprocally benefit from the relationship,
Commensal - the symbiont utilises the host without benefiting or harming it
Parasite -the symbiont is using the host as a resource and causing it harm as a
result
Classification scheme rarely reflects the true dynamics of symbiotic relationships in
nature.
Lectures and so on
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Continuum
Five lectures, last will be given by dr Hajnalka Szentgyoryi (bees
parasites) and Aleksandra Walczyńska (symbionts of insects feeding on
wood)
Five conversional lectures – one presentation/three persons, judged by
the rest (not only me
Lab (three) – depends on you – need to stay longer, proposed topics:
Isolation of bacteria from infected caterpillar (three consecutive days, one
hour each)
Infectivity depending on life-stage and temperature (two labs): Tribolium
castaneum and Steinernema feltiae
adarwinstudygroup.org/biology-culture-psychology/symbiosis-continuum/#img-01-1201
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Continuum
Cymothoid isopods Anilocra apogonae vs. the cardinal fishCheilodipterus
quinquelineatus
Symbiotic associations can be described according to: their impact on host biology
spanning from parasitic to mutualistic (X); the nature of the association varying from
facultative to obligate (Y); and the age of the symbiosis between partners (Z). Host and
environmental factors influence the dynamics of the relations through time.
Rio et all 2004
www.lexagrutter.com/rachel_profile.htm
Pipefish Syngnathus typhle vs metacercariae of the trematode Cryptocotyle sp.
Hidden costs of parasites examples
www.anst.uu.se/andberg/pipefish.htm
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Two-spotted goby, Gobiusculus flavescens and microsporidian infection
Deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus and trematode Schistosomatium douthitti
www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/species.asp?item=ZG7280
Acanthocephalus dirus -infected (left) and uninfected Lirceus lineatus
Hidden benefits for mutualists –
examples
kwcweb.kwc.edu/depts/biology/dfo09.htm
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Anemones and damselfish (clownfish)
Niche expansion for the host: Megacopta punctatissima and Megacopta cribraria
Adult insects of M. punctatissima (left) and M. cribraria (right). Normal, insects with
original symbiont; Replaced, insects with heterospecific symbiont;
Hosokawa et all. 2007
hackingfamily.com/underwater/damselfish.htm
Santia spp. (isopod) and its ectosymbiotic cyanobacteria
(a) Epifluorescence photograph of the Santia spp. and ectosymbiotic cyanobacteria. (b)
Cyanobacterial cells on an isopod antenna. (c) TEM micrograph of a cyanobacterial cell of an
unpalatable red isopod and surrounding microorganisms. (d) TEM micrograph of a
cyanobacterial cell of a palatable brown isopod and surrounding micro-organisms
Niche expansion for the host: Osedax, (polychaetes, boneworms, zombie
worms, or bone-eating worms
www.mbari.org/twenty/osedax.htm
Lindquist et all 2005
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Niche expansion for the host: mycorrhizal fungi
gardenofeaden.blogspot.com/2009/05/what-are-mycorrhizal-fungi.html
Butterlfly fish, Chaetodon multicinctus, trematode Podocotyloides stenometra
and corals
therightblue.blogspot.com/2010/01/multiband-butterflyfish-chaetodon.html
Protozoan parasite Ascogregarina taiwanensis and mosquito Aedes albopictus
Balance between the costs and
benefits
(A) Ascogregarina taiwanensis in Aedes albopictus—trophozoites in the mid-gut of the larva;
(B)—Ascogregarina culicis in Aedes aegypti—extra-cellular trophozoites (arrows) in larvae
Passos and Tadei 2008
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Carnivorous plant Roridula dentata and hemipteran Pameridea marlothii
Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum and symbionts
Bacteriocytes of the symbionts that form the functional consortium .B - Buchnera
aphidicola; S - Serratia symbiotica
Hamiltonella defensa
Gosalbes 2010
www.bestcarnivorousplants.com/CP_Photos/cp_photos_2.htm
Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum and symbionts
Cleaner fish
B - bacteriocyte;
F- facultative symbiont
(Ca. Serratia symbiotica);
O - obligate symbiont (B. aphidicola);
S.C. - sheath cell;
M - mitochondrion.
(a) In A. pisum, facultative symbionts are often found in specialized sheath cells that surround
the bacteriocytes housing the obligate symbiont Buchnera aphidicola.
(b) A. pisum bacteriome with bacteriocytes harboring the obligate symbiont B. aphidicola and
sheath cells harboring the facultative symbiont Candidatus Serratia symbiotica.
www.newscientist.com/gallery/dn14854-best-wildlife-photography-2008/3
news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/09/100924-whale-sharks-gulf-oil-spill-science-environment/
Pontes and Dale 2006
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Fig and wasp (Ceratosolen)
Symbioses over time
Amphipod Hyperia medusarum, crab, Cancer gracilis and jellyfish, Phacellophora
camtschatica
Symbioses and transmission
Wolbachia
Joseph Dougherty, M.D./ecology.org
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Upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana and algae Symbiodinium
microadriaticum
Some more examples
Roach (Rutilus rutilus) – 38
fishes.rasmuswikman.com
Three-spined stickleback - 51
(Gasterrosteus aculeatus L.)
fish.dnr.cornell.edu
Nine-spined stickleback -16
(Pungitius pungitius)
www.grrb.nt.ca
imgfave.com/view/2661973
Some more examples
Diversity of parasites
Honeybee – 70
Apis mellifera
www.latvijasdaba.lv
www.sel.barc.usda.gov
Fall armyworm
Spodoptera frugiperda
148 parastitoids using larva,
20 species attacking pupa,
8 species feed on eggs
Perch (Perca fluviatilis) – almost 100 individual macroparasites from 8 different taxa.
Schmid-Hempel 2011
feww.wordpress.com
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Types of parasites
Microparasites: up to a few hundreds of µm in size), viruses, bacteria, fungi and
protozoa
Macroparasites: the worm-like parasites: nematodes, cestodes, trematodes), parasitic
insects, and some other groups (Acanthocephala, Hirudinea, etc.)
Body size of
parasites
Parasitoids: the adult is a free-living stage, the juvenile lives in or on the host animal.
Parasitic insects (e.g. ichneumonid wasps), the mussel Glochidium (larva lives on the
gills).
Endoparasites: live inside the host. Microparasites, parasitoids larvae.
Ectoparasites: live on the host or are attached to it. Mites, ticks, lice, or parasitic
groups, such as suckerfish.
Social parasites: exploit the social structure of a host group. These are typically
macroparasites, such as insects, or other higher eukaryotes
Schmid-Hempel 2011
Social parasites
Viruses
Commensalisms: species that mostly live on the debris or food remains without any
noticeable harm; e.g. some beetles that live in the nest of ants,
Cleptoparasitism: species that rob food from their hosts, e.g. some spiders that live in the
web of their host spider,
Brood parasites:
Maculinea and ants
www.eyefetch.com
academic.reed.edu
Cuckoo species that seduce the host to raise the parasite’s eggs; closely related
Bumblebees lay their eggs into the nest of other bumblebees (all within the genus
Bombus),
Gees dump their eggs into the nest of con-specifics (intra-specific parasitism).
pangmee97.blogspot.com
economicdisconnect.blogspot.com
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Bacteria
Gram-negative vs Gram-positive
www.nmpdr.org
textbookofbacteriology.net
www.123rf.com
Archea
Bacteria
Thermoproteus
luirig.altervista.org
Methanocaldococcus
www.merckmanuals.com
www.corzakinteractive.com
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Firmicutes
Bacillus anthracis
Bacilli, Clostridia, Mollicutes
Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptocooccus, Enterococcus, Listeria, Clostridium
nutrivize.com
Clostridium difficile
www.txtwriter.com
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
Mollicutes
Mycoplasma
www.invivogen.com
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Protozoa
Spirochaetae
Types of feeding:
Phagotrophy: engulfing solid food (amoebae)
Directly absorbtion of nutrients through the body wall (saprozoic feeding; amoebae,
flagellates
Cysts: can survive unfavourable conditions, also the transmission stage that infect a
new host (Enamoeba, Giardia); can furthermore specialize with regard to the
atthachment to the host’s surface
commentary-gonzalo86.blogspot.com
www.ppdictionary.com
www.superakwarium.pl
Treponema pallidum,
Borrelia burgdorferi, Lyme disease, Lyme borreliosis
Chlamydia trachomatis Ch. pneumonia
Ciliate Ichthyophthitius (freshwater white spot disease), excystation:process of
opening and exiting from the cyst
Mastigophora
Gram-negative Proteobacteria
www.webmastersitesi.com
Alpha-group: Rickettsias
Beta-group: Neisseria, Burkholderia,
Gamma-proteobacteria: Enterobacteria, Vibrio (cholera), Salmonella, Yersinia (bubonic
plague), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonaceae.
Epsilon-group: Helicobacter pylori
Kinetoplastida: Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Phytomonas
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Sarcodina
Toxoplasma gondii
Actiopoda and Rhizopoda
Entamoeba histolytica
Sporozoa
Plasmodium
Apicomplexa: Gregarines, Coccidia (Eimera tenella, that infect poultry; Toxoplasma
gondii), Haemosporidia, and Piroplasmida (e.g. Babesia, a parasite of cattle)
www.sciencedirect.com
en.wikipedia.org
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Ciliophora
Fungi
Balantidum coli,
Four phyla: Chytridomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota
Chytridomycota: chytridiomycosis, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Xenopus
www.habitatadvocate.com.au
Ciliophora
Zygomycota, order Entomophthorales
Ichthyophtthirius multifiliis
www.flickr.com
www.pbase.com
www.jcvi.org
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Ascomycota: Phyllachorales, Erysiphales
Nematodes (roundworms)
Medina worm, Dracunculus medinensis
powdery mildew;
www.wiki.lasypolskie.pl
biologyarticle.blogspot.com
Microsporidia
Flatworms
Platyhelminthes- Tubellaria (planarians), Trematoda (the flukes, including the Digenea),
Monogenea, and Cestoda (tapeworms)
Nosema apis, Honeybee Colony Colapse Disorder
Cestodes, Diphyllobothrium latum , 25 m, 2 cm diameter, 30 years
www.extension.org
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Acanthocephala
Crustacea, Pentastomida
Linguatula serrate halzoun and marrara syndrome
Porocephalus crotali
Annelida, Hirudinea
Crustacea, Copepods
Leeche, Hirudo medicinalis
sea lice
agsci.oregonstate.edu
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Crustacea - other groups
Isopods
Barnacle Sacculina carcini: Female larva (the cyprid), specialized stage (the
vermigon) is then injected into the host haemocoel
Branchiura (fish lice)
Mites (Acari), ticks, lice (Mallophaga, Anoplura)
Acariformes: mites (Trombidiformes, Astigmata), Parastitiformes including the
Mesostigmata, the ticks (Ixoda) and Opilioacariformes (mites resembling harvestmen)
eol.org
Borrelia burgdorferi
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Parasitic insects (parasitoids)
Hymenopteran: Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Chalcididae, Pteromalidea
Dipteran: Phoridae, Conopidae, Sarcophagidea)
Insects as vectors
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