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US History Louisiana EOC Review Terms
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9/11
A series of coordinated suicide attacks by alQaeda upon the United States on September
11, 2001. On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda
terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger
jet airliners. The hijackers intentionally
crashed two of the airliners into the Twin
Towers of the World Trade Center in New York
City, killing everyone on board and many
others working in the buildings.
16th
amendment
==Amendment to the United States
Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power
to tax income.
2008
Financial
Crisis
Occurred because of bad practices in the
financial sector related to home mortgages.
The government eventually bailed out the
banks with over 700 billion dollars. the real
estate bubble burst in the US, setting in motion
a financial crisis of enormous proportions
AIDS
a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune
system transmitted through blood products
especially by sexual contact or contaminated
needles
appeasement
the act of appeasing (as by acceding to the
demonds of), policy of giving in to an
aggressor's demands in order to keep the
peace
Archduke
Francis
Ferdinand
heir to the throne of Austria Hungary;
assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a bosnian
serb.; sparked WWI
Atlantic
Charter
1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and
British prime minister Winston Churchill not
to acquire new territory as a result of WWII
amd to work for peace after the war
Ayatollah
Khomeini
Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the
overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and
created an Islamic republic. (p. 859)
Baker v.
Carr;
Reynolds v.
Simms
"One Man, One Vote" - legislative districts
must have similar population numbers
Bakke v.
University of
California
Racial Quotas are illegal but...
Affirmative Action is legal so long as race is
one factor of consideration
Barack
Obama
Illinois Senator who won the presidency in
2008, first African-American President,
advocate for universal healthcare, an end to
the Iraqi War, and economic recovery.
Battle of the
Bulge
a battle during World War II
Bay of Pigs
In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles
organized and supported by the U.S. Central
Intelligence Agency landed on the southern
coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel
Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster,
President Kennedy took full responsibility for
the failure.
Benito
Mussolini
Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led
Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined
Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied
Italy with Germany in World War II. He was
overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded
Italy. (p. 786)
23.
Berlin Airlift
Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food
and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet
blocked off all ground routes into the city
24.
Berlin Wall
In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier
to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop
the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of
Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.
25.
Big Four
Woodrow Wilson (US president), Georges
Clemenceau (French premier), David Lloyd
George (British prime minister), Vittorio
Orlando (Italian prime minister)
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Alger Hiss
A former State Department official who was
accused of being a Communist spy and was
convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted
by Richard Nixon.
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Al-Qaeda
a network of Islamic terrorist organizations,
led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the
attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and
Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in
2000, and the World Trade Center and the
Pentagon in 2001
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American
Federation
of Labor
a federation of North American labor unions
that merged with the Congress of Industrial
Organizations in 1955
American
Independent
Party
headed by George Wallace who entered the
1968 election and called for the continuation
of segregation of blacks
American
liberty
league
formed in 1934, primarily by conservative
Democrats to oppose the New Deal of Franklin
D. Roosevelt.
Andrew
Carnegie
United States industrialist and philanthropist
who endowed education and public libraries
and research trusts (1835-1919)
The AntiSaloon
League
..., Started in the 1890s and was against
saloons and drinking
anti-semetic
anti-jew; against the Jewish people
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birth of a
nation
Controversial but highly influential and
innovative silent film directed by D.W.
Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film
propaganda and revived the KKK.
27.
black cabinet
group of African Americans FDR appointed
to key Government positions; served as
unofficial advisors to the president.
28.
black tuesday
October 29, 1929; the day the stock market
crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929
29.
Bonus Army
Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in
1932 to demand the immediate payment of
their goverment war bonuses in cash
Booker T.
Washington
African American progressive who
supported segregation and demanded that
African American better themselves
individually to achieve equality.
Boxer
Rebellion
A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending
foreign influence in the country.
32.
Brain Trust
Group of expert policy advisers who worked
with FDR in the 1930s to end the great
depression
33.
brinksmanship
The principle of not backing down in a
crisis, even if it meant taking the country to
the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S.
and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.
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Brown v. Board
of Education
1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy
v. Ferguson, declared that racially
segregated facilities are inherently unequal
and ordered all public schools
desegregated.
bull market
a market characterized by rising prices for
securities
camp david
accords
The first signed agreement between Israel
and an Arab country, in which Egyptian
president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as
a legitimate state and Israeli Prime
Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return
the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
Carrie
Chapman Catt
Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage,
worked as a school principal and a reporter
., became head of the National American
Woman Suffrage, an inspiried speaker and
abrilliant organizer. Devised a detailed
battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage.
cash-and-carry
policy adopted by the United States in 1939
to preserve neutrality while aiding the
Allies. Britain and France could buy goods
from the United States if they paid in full
and transported them.
Chinese
Exclusion Act
(1882) Denied any additional Chinese
laborers to enter the country while allowing
students and merchants to immigrate.
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Churchill
British statesman and leader during World
War II
civilian
conservation
corps
relief (CCC) March 31, 1933; reduced
poverty/unemployment, helped young men
and families; young men go to rural camps
for 6 months to do construction work;
$1/day; intended to help youth escape cities;
concerned with soil erosion, state/national
parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks
civil rights act
of 1964
the law that made racial discrimination
against any group in hotels, motels, and
restaurants illegal and forbade many forms
of job discrimination
clayton
antitrust act
New antitrust legislation constructed to
remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust
Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor
unions
Committee on
Public
Information
It was headed by George Creel. The purpose
of this committee was to mobilize people's
minds for war, both in America and abroad.
Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support
U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's
organization, employed some 150,000
workers at home and oversees. He proved
that words were indeed weapons.
Committee to
Re-elect the
Presdient
created as a fundraising organization of
United States President Richard Nixon's
administration. Besides its re-election
activities, CRP employed money laundering
and slush funds and was directly and
actively involved in the Watergate
scandal.[1]
Communist
Revolution
A political revolution in Russia beginning in
1917. The Bolsheviks, now known as
Communists, overthrew Czar Nicholas II
and created a socialist government based
upon the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir
Lenin. Also know as the Bolshevik
Revolution.
Congress of
Industrial
Organizations
a federation of North American industrial
unions that merged with the American
Federation of Labor in 1955
Cornelius
Vanderbilt
United States financier who accumulated
great wealth from railroad and shipping
businesses (1794-1877)
court-packing
plan
..., proposed that FDR be allowed to name a
new federal judge for every sitting judge who
had reached the age of seventy and had not
retired; soundly defeated in Congress; FDR
came under intense criticism for trying to
seize too much power
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"cross of
gold"
speech
An impassioned address by William Jennings
Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in
which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted
that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.
Cuban
Missile
Crisis
an international crisis in October 1962, the
closest approach to nuclear war at any time
between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S.
discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba,
President John F. Kennedy demanded their
removal and announced a naval blockade of the
island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to
the U.S. demands a week later.
D-day
June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a
million troops (the largest invasion force in
history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and
began the process of re-taking France. The
turning point of World War II.
Department
of Defense
A department of the federal executive branch
entrusted with formulating military policies
and maintaining American military forces. Its
top official is the civilian secretary of defense. It
is headquartered in the Pentagon.
Destroyersfor-bases
To circumvent the provisions of the Neutrality
Acts to help Great Britain, the U.S. gave
England fifty destroyers in return for the right
to build American bases on British territory in
the Caribbean
detente
relaxation of tensions between the United
States and its two major communist rivals, the
Soviet Union and China
direct
primaries
an election in which voters choose candidates
to represent each party in a general election
dollar
diplomacy
diplomacy influenced by economic
considerations
Dr. Francis
Townsend
Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan,
which proposed that every retired person over
60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about
twice the average week's salary). It required
that the money be spent within the month.
Dr. Martin
Luther King
Jr.
An African-American Civil Right's Activist who
was peaceful. He was awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize for his cause. He was assasinated in 1968
in Tennesee
dust bowl
midwest region subject to dust storms, drove
people to california
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
leader of the Allied forces in Europe during
WW2--leader of troops in Africa and
commander in DDay invasion-elected
president-president during integration of Little
Rock Central High School
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Eisenhower
Doctrine
Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint
resolution from Congress authorizing the use of
U.S. military forces to intervene in any country
that appeared likely to fall to communism.
Used in the Middle East.
elkins act
(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce
Commission more power to control railroads
from giving preferences to certain customers
emergency
banking
relief act
gave the President power over the banking
system and set up a system by which banks
would be reorganized or reopened
Engel v.
Vitale
school prayer illegal
equal rights
amendment
constitutional amendment passed by Congress
but never ratified that would have banned
discrimination on the basis of gender
Escobedo v.
Illinois
Suspects have the right to consult attorney
when answering police questions.
If the suspect asks for an attorney and is denied
one, any information obtained is inadmissible
in court.
This is the "Exclusionary Rule".
Espionage
Act
This law, passed after the United States entered
WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years
on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy,
obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or
encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the
postmaster general to remove from the mail any
materials that incited treason or insurrection.
Executive
Order 9066
2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced
into camps causing loss of homes &
businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship;
demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion
fair
employment
practices
committee
companies with government contracts not
discriminate on the basis of race or religion. It
was intended to help African Americans and
other minorities obtain jobs in the homefront
industry during World War II.
fair labor
standards
act
1938 act which provided for a minimum wage
and restricted shipments of goods produced
with child labor
farmer's
alliance
A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s;
worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower
interest rates, and a change in the governments
tight money policy
fascist
a member of a political party who supports
extreme nationalism and a dictator
federal
reserve act
=a 1913 law that set up a system of federal
banks and gave government the power to
control the money supply
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federal
reserve
system
=the central bank of the United States
federal
trade
commission
an independent agency of the United States
fedeal government that maintains fair and free
competition
The
Feminine
Mystique
written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother
of three children; described the problems of
middle-class American women and the fact
that women were being denied equality with
men; said that women were kept from reaching
their full human capacities
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator
in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist
state in Cuba (born in 1927)
fireside
chats
informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat
by White House fireplace; gained the
confidence of the people
first
hundred
days
This term refers to March 4 to June 16, 1933.
During this period of dramatic legislative
productivity, FDR laid out the programs that
constituted the New Deal. Today, presidents
are often measured by their actions in the same
period of time
88.
flappers
Young women of the 1920s that behaved and
dressed in a radical fashion
four
freedoms
Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear;
used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the
loan was made, the protection of these
freedoms would be ensured
Fourteen
Points
87.
President Woodrow Wilson's plan for a just
world bases on the Allies' aims to end World
War I
No secret treaties, freedom of the seas, no
tariffs, reduce
arms, adjust colonial claims, establish an
association of
nations
Franklin
Delano
Roosevelt
32nd President of the United States
Freedom
Summer
In 1964, when blacks and whites together
challenged segregation and led a massive drive
to register blacks to vote.
The Geneva
Convention
At this convention in 1954, the region of
Indochina was divided into three nations:
Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The convention
also decided to divide Vietnam at the 17th
parallel, with the communists led by Ho Chi
Minh in the North and anti-communists led by
Ngo Dinh Diem in the South. It was further
decided that elections to reunite Vietnam would
occur in two years.
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genocide
systematic killing of a racial or cultural group
Gentleman's
Agreement
an informal agreement between the United
States and the Empire of Japan whereby the
U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese
immigration or students, and Japan would not
allow further immigration to the U.S.
gentleman's
agreement
an informal agreement between the United
States and the Empire of Japan whereby the
U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese
immigration or students, and Japan would not
allow further immigration to the U.S.
George H.
W. Bush
republican, former director of CIA, oil
company founder/owner, foreign policy
(panama, gulf war), raised taxes eventhough
said he wouldnt, more centrist than his son,
NAFTA negotiation
George W.
Bush
1946 - 43rd president of the US who began a
campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and
against terrorism in 2001
ghettos
city slum areas inhabited by minority groups
living there due to social or economic
pressures
Ghost
Dance
a religious dance of native Americans looking
for communication with the dead
GI Bill
law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans
buy homes and pay for higher educations
Gideon v.
Wainright
Criminal Courts MUST provide a free attorney
to those who cannot afford it
The Gilded
Age
1877-1900; rapid industrialization,
urbanization, immigration; rise of big
business and the labor movement; the Populist
movement
glasnost
Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in
the 1980s that provided increased
opportunities for freedom of speech,
association and the press in the Soviet Union.
glasssteagall act
established the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC) and included banking
reforms, some of which were designed to
control speculation
Goals of
New Deal
Relief, Reform, Recovery
gold bug
Democrats and Republicans opposed to free
silver and who supported the gold standard
because tehy feared implications to currency
value with free silver.
great
migration
movement of over 300,000 African American
from the rural south into Northern cities
between 1914 and 1920
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The Great
Railroad
Strike of
1877
Railroad strike that crippled the US first
nationwide strike, 10 governors used their
militias to break
The Great
Society
1964 Lyndon Johnson's program for poverty
relief, healthcare, civil rights, etc. during his
presidency. Improved nation's moral and
people's lives
Great War
a war between the allies (Russia, France,
British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan,
Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal,
Montenegro) and the central powers
(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey,
Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918
Great White
Fleet
1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a
world tour to show the world the U.S. naval
power. Also to pressure Japan into the
"Gentlemen's Agreement."
Griswold v.
Connecticut
Connecticut ban on use of contraceptives
overturned
Establishes "Right to Privacy"
gulf of
tonkin
resolution
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint
resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on
August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor
naval engagement known as the Gulf of
Tonkin Incident. It is of historical
significance because it gave U.S. President
Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a
formal declaration of war by Congress, for the
use of military force in Southeast Asia.
Harlem
Renaissance
. a period in the 1920s when AfricanAmerican achievements in art and music and
literature flourished
hawley
smoot tariff
charged a high tax for imports thereby leading
to less trade between America and foreign
countries along with some economic
retaliation
Henry Ford
United States manufacturer of automobiles
who pioneered mass production (1863-1947)
Henry
Kissinger
The main negotiator of the peace treaty with
the North Vietnamese; secretary of state
during Nixon's presidency (1970s).
hepburn act
This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce
Commission to regulate the maximum charge
that railroads to place on shipping goods.
Hillary
Clinton
Prominent child care advocate and health
care reformer in Clinton administration; won
U.S. senate seat in 2000; secretary of state
Ho Chi
Minh
Vietnamese communist statesman who fought
the Japanese in World War II and the French
until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975
(1890-1969)
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Ho Chi Minh
Trail
A network of jungle paths winding from
North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia
into South Vietnam, used as a military route
by North Vietnam to supply the Vietcong
during the Vietnam War.
House UnAmerican
Activities
Committee
an investigative committee of the United
States House of Representatives. In 1969, the
House changed the committee's name to
"House Committee on Internal
Security".When the House abolished the
committee in 1975, its functions were
transferred to the House Judiciary Committee
Huey Long
As senator in 1932 of Washington preached
his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a
100% tax on all annual incomes over $1
million and appropriation of all fortunes in
excess of $5 million. With this money Long
proposed to give every American family a
comfortable income, etc
Hurricane
Katrina
highest storm surge on record, costliest
hurricane on record, 1836 dead, permanent
displacement of over 500,000 people,
evacuation of large urban population center,
storm surge of 25 ft on coast of Mississippi
Ida Tarbell
A leading muckraker and magazine editor,
she exposed the corruption of the oil industry
with her 1904 work A History of Standard
Oil.
immigration
act
This was passed in 1924 which cut quotas for
foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number
of immigrants. The main purpose was to
freeze America's existing racial composition
which was largely Northern European. It also
prevented Japanese immigration which led to
fury in Japan.
Immigration
Act of 1965
Abolished the national-origins quotas and
providing for the admission each year of
170,000 immigrants from the Eastern
Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western
Hemisphere
imperialism
any instance of aggressive extension of
authority by one country
initiative,
referendum,
and recall
These were three changes intended to
increase the individual voter's influence in
government. It gives a person the power to
propose laws, states that certain laws passed
by the state legislature do not take effect
unless they are approved by a majority of the
citizens, and strengthens the control of voters
over elected officials.
Internet
world wide computer network to facilitate
data transmission and exchange
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Interstate
Commerce
Act
Created at the request of Populists which
regulated Railroads.
Interstate
Commerce
Commission
a former independent federal agency that
supervised and set rates for carriers that
transported goods and people between states
Iran-Contra
Scandal
Reagan sent money to the Contra's in
Nicaragua with the money he got for selling
arms to Iran
Jacob Coxey
Populist who led Coxey's Army in a march on
Washington DC in 1894 to seek government
jobs for the unemployed.
Jacob Riis
Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social
and political evils in the U.S. with his novel
"How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor
conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and
Hell's Kitchen
Jane
Addams
the founder of Hull House, which provided
English lessons for immigrants, daycares,
and child care classes
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Jazz Age
Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity
of jazz-a new type of American music that
combined African rhythms, blues, and
ragtime
132.
jingoism
extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often
favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy
John D.
Rockefeller
Was an American industrialist and
philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum
industry and defined the structure of modern
philanthropy.
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John F.
Kennedy
president during part of the cold war and
especially during the superpower rivalry and
the cuban missile crisis. he was the president
who went on tv and told the public about hte
crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet
uinon to withdraw their missiles. other
events, which were during his terms was the
building of the berlin wall, the space race, and
early events of the Vietnamese war.
John Scopes
Tennessee high school teacher who violated a
state law by teaching evolution
Joseph
McCarthy
1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list
of communists in American gov't, but no
credible evidence; took advantage of fears of
communism post WWII to become incredibly
influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful
accusation of any dissenters of being
communists
137.
the Jungle
novel by Upton Sinclair which called for
reform in the meat-packing industry
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Kamikazes
Japanese suicide pilots
Knights of
Labor
1st effort to create National union. Open to
everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague
program, no clear goals, weak leadership and
organization. Failed
laissezfaire
is an economic environment in which
transactions between private parties are free
from government restrictions, tariffs, and
subsidies, with only enough regulations to
protect property rights.[1]
laissez
faire
the doctrine that government should not
interfere in commercial affairs
League of
Nations
an international organization formed in 1920
to promote cooperation and peace among
nations
league of
women
voters
League formed in 1920 advocating for women's
rights, among them the right for women to
serve on juries and equal pay laws
LendLease Act
allowed sales or loans of war materials to any
country whose defense the president deems vital
to the defense of the U.S
Little Rock
Nine
Incident in which nine African-American
students were prevented from attending Little
Rock Central High in 1957 during the Civil
Rights Movement.
Lost
Generation
Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief
that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic
world that lacked moral values and often
choose to flee to Europe
147.
Lusitania
American boat that was sunk by the German Uboats; made America consider entering WWI
148.
Malcolm X
1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of
his African heritage; converted to Nation of
Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims'
most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his
beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power
movement built on seperationist and
nationalist impulsesto achieve true
independence and equality
Mannelkins act
=passed in 1910, it empowered the Interstate
Commerce Commission (ICC) for the first time
to initiate rate changes, extend regulation to
telephone and telegraph companies and set up
a Commerce Court to expedite appeals from the
ICC rulings
Mao TseTung
Communist leader of China; gained power
through the Chinese civil war; defeated US
backed Chiang Kai Shek
Mapp v.
Ohio
Evidence of a crime obtained without a search
warrant violates 4th Amendment Can be
excluded in state court and federal court
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Marhshall
Plan
American program to aid Europe, in which
the United States gave economic support to
help rebuild European economies after the
end of World War II in order to prevent the
spread of Soviet Communism.
massive
retaliation
The "new look" defense policy of the
Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was
to threaten "massive retaliation" with
nuclear weapons in response to any act of
aggression by a potential enemy.
McCarthyism
The term associated with Senator Joseph
McCarthy who led the search for communists
in America during the early 1950s through
his leadership in the House Un-American
Activities Committee.
Meat
Inspection
Act
=Law that authorized the Secretary of
Agriculture to order meat inspections and
condemn any meat product found unfit for
human consumption.
Miranda v.
Arizona
All suspects must be "read their rights" before
questioning by police
moral
diplomacy
foreign policy proposed by President Wilson
to condemn imperialism, spread democracy,
and promote peace
Mother
Jones
United States labor leader (born in Ireland)
who helped to found the Industrial Workers
of the World (1830-1930)
muckrakers
This term applies to newspaper reporters and
other writers who pointed out the social
problems of the era of big business. The term
was first given to them by Theodore
Roosevelt.
NASA
Founded in 1958 to compete with Russia's
space program. It gained prestige and power
with Kennedy's charge to reach the moon by
the end of the 1960s. Over the years, NASA
has sent experditions to the moon, developed
and managed the space station and space
shuttle programs and sent probes to Mars
national
american
women
suffrage
association
organization formed by Elizabeth Cady
Stanton and others to promote the vote for
women
National
Association
for the
advancement
of colored
people
(NAACP
The National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People was a civil
rights organization for ethnic minorities.
This is the largest organization in the US, so
it has a lot of influence, meaning that
minorities had more hope for equality.
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National
Highway Act
Eisenhower's plan to build an interstate
highway system that would connect the US
and help in military movements during a
war.
national
industrial
recovery
administration
This was created by the National
Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 to
supervise industry—the act also created the
Public works Administration to create
jobs.
nationalism
love of country and willingness to sacrifice
for it
national labor
relations act
A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner
Act, that guarantees workers the right of
collective bargaining sets down rules to
protect unions and organizers, and created
the National Labor Relations Board to
regulate labor-managment relations.
National
Organization
of Women
founded by Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug, and
Aileen Hernandez; lobbied for equal
opportunity where the EEOC was lacking
(gender discrimination); lawsuits and
mobilization of public opinion
national
origins act
Act which restricted immigration from any
one nation to two percent of the number of
people already in the U.S. of that national
origin in 1890. Severely restricted
immigration from Southern and Eastern
Europe, and excluded Asians entirely
national
recovery
administration
Government agency that was part of the
New Deal and dealt with the industrial
sector of the economy. It allowed
industries to create fair competition which
were intended to reduce destructive
competition and to help workers by setting
minimum wages and maximum weekly
hours.
National
Security Act
Passed in 1947 in response to perceived
threats from the Soviet Union after WWII.
It established the Department of Defense
and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and National Security Council.
National
Security
Council
A committee in the executive branch of
government that advises the president on
foreign and military and national security
national
women's party
a women's organization founded in 1916
by Alice Paul that fought for women's
rights during the early 20th century in the
United States, particularly for the right to
vote on the same terms as men
navajo code
talkers
Navajo soldiers in the Pacific used their
own language as a code for sending vital
messages. Hard to understand.
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Neutrality Act
of 1939
European democracies might buy
American war materials on a "cash-andcarry basis"; improved American moral
and economic position
new deal
the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S.
during which President Franklin
Roosevelt's economic policies were
implemented
New Frontier
niagara
movement
The campaign program advocated by JFK
in the 1960 election. He promised to
revitalize the stagnant economy and enact
reform legislation in education, health
care, and civil rights.
in 1905 Dubois started this movement at
Niagara Falls, and four years later joined
with white progressives sympathetic to
their cause to form NAACP, the new
organization later led to the drive for equal
rights.
okies
the farmers, who in the Great Depression,
were forced to move, many moved to
Oklahoma
Open Door
Policy
A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under
which ALL nations would have equal
opportunities to trade in China.
Organization
of Petroleum
Exporting
Countries
(OPEC)
an economic organization consisting
primarily of Arab nations that controls the
price of oil and the amount of oil its members
produce and sell to other nations.
Osama Bin
Laden
Saudi-born Muslim extremist who funded the
al Qaeda organization that was responsible
for several terrorist attacks, including those
on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
in 2001.
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panic of 1893
Serious economic depression beginning in
1893. Began due to rail road companies overextending themselves, causing bank failures.
Was the worst economic collapse in the
history of the country until that point, and,
some say, as bad as the Great Depression of
the 1930s.
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189.
nineteenth
amendment
granted women the right to vote in 1920
North
American Free
Trade
Agreement
NAFTA an alliance that merges canada,
mexico and the united states into a single
market
191.
Patriot Act
northern
securities
company
A railroad monopoly formed by J.P.
Morgan and James J. Hill which violated
Sherman Antitrust Act
This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools
used to fight terrorism and improved
communication between law enforcement
and intelligence agencies
192.
patronage
NY Times v.
United States
Ruling on the Pentagon Papers which
exposed government deception in the
Vietnam War
Government tried to stop using Prior
Restraint
Court Ruled Government did not meet
"heavy burden" necessary to stop
publication
(politics) granting favors or giving contracts
or making appointments to office in return
for political support
193.
Pearl Harbor
a harbor on Oahu west of Honolulu attacked
by Japan; began US entry into WWII
pendleton
civil service
act of 1881
This act reformed the corrupt patronage
system of obtaining civil service jobs. No
longer could political cronyism secure
government positions - all potential civil
service employees had to take an exam to
prove their worthiness.
perestroika
a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that
involved restructuring of the social and
economic status quo in communist Russia
towards a market based economy and society
Platt
Amendment
Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's
sovereignty and gave the US the right to
intervene if Cuba got into trouble
Plessy v.
Ferguson
A 1896 Supreme Court decision which
legalized state ordered segregation so long as
the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
political
machines
Corrupt organized groups that controlled
political parties in the cities. A boss leads the
machine and attempts to grab more votes for
his party.
office of price
administration
WWII Office that installs price controls on
essential items to prevent inflation
office of war
information
established by the government to promote
patriotism and help keep Americans united
behind the war effort.
office of war
mobilization
Federal agency formed to coordinate issues
related to war production during World
War II
Ohio Gang
A group of poker-playing, men that were
friends of President Warren Harding.
Harding appointed them to offices and
they used their power to gain money for
themselves. They were involved in
scandals that ruined Harding's reputation
even though he wasn't involved.
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202.
203.
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205.
206.
populist party
U.S. political party formed in 1892
representing mainly farmers, favoring free
coinage of silver and government control
of railroads and other monopolies
port huron
statement
1962 Manifesto of the Students for a
Democratic Society, which criticized the
federal government for racial inequality,
poverty, and also the Cold War and
international peace.
progressive era
time at the turn of the 20th century in
which groups sought to reform America
economically, socially, and politically
Pure Food and
Drug Act
the act that prohibited the manufacture,
sale, or shipment of impure of falsely
labeled food and drugs
PWA
Public Works Administration. Part of
Roosevelts New Deal programs. Put people
to work building or improving public
buildings like schools, post offices,etc.
Quota Act of
1921
Limited the number of immigrants allowed
into the United States. It favored
immigrants from Northern and western
Europe.
Reagan
Revolution
the policies of the first reagan
administration which increased defense
spending reduced social programs and cut
taxes they were based on supply side
theory of growing the economy by cutting
government interference and taxes
Reconstruction
Finance
Corporation
gave $2 billion in aid to state and local
governments and made loans to banks,
railroads, mortgage associations and
other businesses. The loans were nearly
all repaid. It was continued by the New
Deal and played a major role in handling
the Great Depression in the United States
and setting up the relief programs that
were taken over by the New Deal in
1933.[1]
207.
Red Scare
a period of general fear of communists
208.
reparations
compensation (given or received) for an
insult or injury
reverse
discrimination
using race or sex to give preferential
treatment to some people.
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212.
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214.
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216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
Richard
M. Nixon
37th President of the United States (1969-1974)
and the only president to resign the office. He
initially escalated the Vietnam War, overseeing
secret bombing campaigns, but soon withdrew
American troops and successfully negotiated a
ceasefire with North Vietnam, effectively ending
American involvement in the war. Watergate
Scandal.
Roaring
Twenties
the decade of the 1920's which got this nickname
because of the times presperity and excitement
robber
barons
Rich guys who made money through immoral
means.
Roe v.
Wade
Supreme Court Decision that legalizes Abortion in
the United States ; part of right to privacy
Roosevelt
Corollary
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe
Doctrine, stating that the United States has the
right to protect its economic interests in South
And Central America by using military force
Rosa
Parks
NAACP member who initiated the Montgomery
Bus Boycott in 1955 when she was arrested for
violating Jim Crow rules on a bus; her action and
the long boycott that followed became an icon of
the quest for civil rights and focused national
attention on boycott leader Martin Luther King,
Jr.
Rosie the
Riveter
symbol of American women who went to work in
factories during the war
Rough
Riders
Volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt
during the Spanish American War
Saddam
Hussein
President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war
on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an
invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United
States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991).
Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.
SALT II
Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A
second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut
back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.
because it was getting too competitive. Set limits
on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed
by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s
invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by
the START treaty.
Samuel
Gompers
United States labor leader (born in England) who
was president of the American Federation of
Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)
Schenck
vs United
States
under the Espionage Act of 1917, a person can not
use the first ammendment as protection when
speaking against the US government and military
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235.
scientific
management
a management theory using efficiency
experts to examine each work operations
and find ways to minimize the time needed
to complete it
second new
deal
a new set of programs in the spring of 1935
including additional banking reforms, new
tax laws, new relief programs; also known
as the Second Hundred Days.
Sedition Act
made it a crime to write, print, utter, or
publish criticism of the president of
government
Selective
Service Act
This 1917 law provided for the registration
of all American men between the ages of 21
and 30 for a military draft. By the end of
WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been
inducted into the army. Age limit was later
changed to 18 to 45.
Selective
Services Act
This 1917 law provided for the registration
of all American men between the ages of 21
and 30 for a military draft. The age limits
were later changed to 18 and 45.
selfdetermination
the ability of a government to determine
their own course of their own free will
seventeenth
amendment
allowed americans to vote directly for U.S
senators
Seward's Folly
or Seward's
Icebox
William Seward (secretary of State) bought
Alaska from the Russians in 1867 in an
attempt to spread American influence. He
was criticized by the press for his choice,
but public attitude changed after the
discovery of gold.
Sigmund
Freud
Austrian neurologist who originated
psychoanalysis (1856-1939)
social
Darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution
and "survival of the fittest" to human
societies - particularly as a justification for
their imperialist expansion.
Social Gospel
Movement led by Washington Gladden taught religion and human dignity would
help the middle class over come problems of
industrialization
Socialists
person who supports community ownership
of property and the sharing of all profits
social security
act
Guaranteed retirement payments for
enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set
up federal-state system of unemployment
insurance and care for dependent mothers
and children, the handicapped, and public
health
Solidarity
movement
Polish nationalists who began to protest
the SOviet oppression
SpanishAmerican
War
In 1898, a conflict between the United States
and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the
Cubans' fight for independence
speakeasies
Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased
illegally
spoils
system
the system of employing and promoting civil
servants who are friends and supporters of the
group in power
239.
Sputnik
First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched
by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of
Soviet dominance in technology and outer
space. It led to the creation of NASA and the
space race.
240.
square deal
Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would
help capital, labor, and the public. It called for
control of corporations, consumer protection,
and conservation of natural resources. It
denounced special treatment for the large
capitalists and is the essential element to his
trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the
belief that all corporations must serve the
general public good.
241.
stagflation
ECONOMIC CONDITION CHARACTERIZED
BY RISING INFLATION AND
UNEMPLOYMENT
242.
Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head
of the Communist Party and created a
totalitarian state by purging all opposition
(1879-1953)
Standard
Oil
Company
Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit
in the American oil industry in 1881. Known
as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme
Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the
Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.
244.
START 1
Bush and Gorbachev signed the this. It reduced
nuclear warheads to less than 10000 each. It
led to Start II which reduced weapon level to
1960s level. The cold war was officially over.
245.
star wars
Strategic Defense Initiative pursued by Reagan
in the 1980s; involved satellite defense against
missiles
Stokely
Carmichael
head of the SNCC making a separatist
philosophy of black power as the official
objective of the organization
strategic
arms
limitation
treaty (salt
1)
treaty between the US and the Soviet to
stabilize the nuclear arms competition between
the two countries. Talks began in 1969 and
agreements were signed on May 26, 1972
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Student
Nonviolent
Coordinating
Committee
Involved in the American Civil Rights
Movement formed by students whose purpose
was coordinate a nonviolent attack on
segregation and other forms of racism.
Sudetenland
an area in western Czechoslovakia that was
coveted by Hitler
Sussex
Pledge
In response to the German torpedoes Sussex
steamer, Wilson told Germany that if they
didnt stop sinking merchant ships with
warning, he would break diplomatic
relations.
Swann v.
CharlotteMecklenburg
Board of
Education
Supreme Court orders school busing to end
pattern of all-black or all-white schools
End to de-facto segregation
Taft-Hartley
Act
Act that provides balance of power between
union and management by designating
certain union activities as unfair labor
practices; also known as Labor-Management
Relations Act (LMRA)
Taliban
a group of fundamentalist Muslims who took
control of Afghanistan's government in 1996
Tammany
Hall
a political organization within the
Democratic Party in New York city (late
1800's and early 1900's) seeking political
control by corruption and bossism
Teller
Amendment
Legislation that promised the US would not
annex Cuba after winning the SpanishAmerican war
256.
temperance
restraint or moderation, especially in regards
to alcohol or food
257.
tenement
a rundown apartment house barely meeting
minimal standards
258.
Tet Offensive
1968; National Liberation Front and North
Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on
the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was
defeated after a month of fighting and many
thousands of casualties; major defeat for
communism, but Americans reacted sharply,
with declining approval of LBJ and more
anti-war sentiment
triangle
shirtwaist
factory
this factory kept doors locked to avoid theft
trapping workers inside when a fire
erupted; alerted reformers to the terrible
conditions of industrial workers
trickle down
theory
decreased income taxes for the wealthy
would promote business and therefore the
whole economy
Truman
Doctrine
First established in 1947 after Britain no
longer could afford to provide anticommunist aid to Greece and Turkey, it
pledged to provide U.S. military and
economic aid to any nation threatened by
communism.
TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority Act) Relief,
Recover, and Reform. one of the most
important acts that built a hyro-electric
dam for a needed area.
underwood
tariff bill
=Congressional measure to provide the a
substantial reduction of rates, and the first
ever implementation of a graduated
income tax on incomes $3000+
united auto
workers
Out of several competing auto unions, this
one was gradually emerging preeminent in
the early and mid-1930s. But although ot
was gaining recruits, it was making little
progress in winning recognitions from the
corperations. Automobile workers eployed
an effective new technique for challenging
corperate oppositions: the sit-down strike.
united nations
an organization of independent states
formed in 1945 to promote international
peace and security
United Negro
Improvement
Association
A group founded by Marcus Garvey to
promote the settlement of American blacks
in their own "African homeland"
270.
V-E Day
May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when
the Germans surrendered
271.
Vietcong
the guerrilla soldiers of the Communist
faction in Vietnam, also know as the
National Liberation Front
272.
Vietnamization
President Richard Nixons strategy for
ending U.S involvement in the vietnam
war, involving a gradual withdrawl of
American troops and replacement of them
with South Vietnamese forces
voting rights
act of 1965
a law designed to help end formal and
informal barriers to African American
suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of
thousands of African Americans were
registered and the number of African
American elected officials increased
dramatically.
262.
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268.
269.
259.
260.
261.
Theodore
Roosevelt
26th President of the United States
Three Mile
Island
1979 - A mechanical failure and a human
error at this power plant in Pennsylvania
combined to permit an escape of radiation
over a 16 mile radius.
Timothy
McVeigh
in 1995, the murrow federal building in
oklahoma city was attacked by a large bomb
that killed 168 people; the bombing was the
act of this extremist
273.
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285.
286.
"War on
Terror"
war powers
act
Initiated by President George W. Bush after
the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly
defined war on terror aimed to weed out
terrorist operatives and their supporters
throughout the world.
Notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying
troops; had to gain congress' approval to stay
longer than 90 days; designed to curtail
President's power
Warren
Commission
determined that Lee Harvey Oswald acted
alone
Warren
Court
the chief justice that overturned Plessy v.
Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education
(1954); he was the first justice to help the civil
rights movement, judicial activism
Warsaw
Pact
treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance
of the Eastern European countries behind the
Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary,
Poland, and Romania
Watts Riots
1964 riots which started in an AfricanAmerican ghetoo of Los Angeles and left 30
dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week,
and spurred hundreds more around the
country.
weapons of
mass
destruction
nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons
that can kill tens of thousands of people all at
once
W.E.B. Du
Bois
fought for African American rights. Helped to
found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for
and establish equal rights. This movement
later led to the establishment of the NAACP
white flight
50's movement where middle-class white
Americans fled to suburbs leaving inner cities
to decay
William
(Bill)
Clinton
Democratic president (1993-2001) whose
two-term presidency witnessed rapid
economic growth but also a sexual scandal
that fueled an impeachment effort, which he
survived.
William
Jennings
Bryan
United States lawyer and politician who
advocated free silver and prosecuted John
Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a
Tennessee high school (1860-1925)
William
Randolph
Hearst
United States newspaper publisher whose
introduction of large headlines and
sensational reporting changed American
journalism (1863-1951)
Woman's
Christian
Temperance
Union
an organization that blamed alcohol for
crime, poverty, and violence against women
and children, and fought against it.
287.
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291.
292.
Woodstock
3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969,
exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s,
nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field
World
Wide Web
Computer network consisting of a collection of
internet sites that offer text and graphics and
sound and animation resources through the
hypertext transfer protocol
WPA
Work Progress Administration: Massive work
relief program funded projects ranging from
construction to acting; disbanded by FDR
during WWII
yellow
journalism
sensationalist journalism
Yom
Kippur
War
Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973
(on Yom Kippur)
Zoot Suit
Riots
A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2,
soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican
youths because of the zoot suits they wore.