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5/4/11
33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
33-3 Form and Function
in Chordates
Chordates
33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Vertebrate organ systems exhibit a wide range of
complexity.
Feeding
Feeding
The digestive systems of vertebrates have
organs that are well adapted for different
feeding habits.
This is seen in the different ways that vertebrates
feed, breathe, respond, move, and reproduce.
Carnivores have short digestive tracts with fastacting, meat-digesting enzymes.
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Feeding
Salamander
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Vertebrate Digestive Systems
Shark
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Feeding
Pigeon
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Vertebrate Digestive Systems
Lizard
Herbivores have long intestines. Some have
bacteria that help digest the tough cellulose
fibers in plant tissues.
Respiration
Respiration
Cow
Aquatic chordates—such as tunicates,
fishes, and amphibian larvae—use gills
for respiration.
Land vertebrates, including adult
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
mammals, use lungs.
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Respiration
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Gills
Respiration
33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Each gill contains
thousands of filaments
that absorb oxygen from
the water.
Water flows in through
the fish’s mouth. Muscles
pump the water across
the gills
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Respiration
Operculum: Water and carbon dioxide are pumped
out through the operculum.
Mouth
Gill filament
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Operculum
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Respiration
33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Lungs
Respiration
33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Vertebrate Respiration
Respiration
Vertebrate Respiration
Although the structure of the lungs varies, the
basic process of breathing is the same among land
vertebrates.
Lizard
Salamander
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Circulation
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Circulation
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Circulation
Double-loop circulatory system
Single-loop
circulatory system
Single- and Double-Loop Circulation
Circulatory systems maintain homeostasis by
transporting materials throughout animals’ bodies.
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Circulation
Bird
Primate
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Chordates that use gills for respiration have a
single-loop circulatory system.
Vertebrates with lungs have a double-loop
circulatory system.
Fishes
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Circulation
During the course of chordate evolution,
the heart developed chambers and
partitions that help separate oxygen-rich
and oxygen-poor blood traveling in the
circulatory system.
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Heart Chambers
Most reptiles
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In vertebrates with gills, such as
fishes, the heart consists of two
chambers:
Circulation
Crocodilians, birds,
and mammals
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Most amphibians have
three-chambered hearts.
1 Ventricle
Circulation
2 Atria
Most reptiles have a threechambered heart.
1 Atrium
1 Ventricle with
partial division
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Birds, mammals, and
crocodilians have fourchambered hearts
sometimes called a
double pump.
Circulation
33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Excretion
33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Excretion
2 Atria
Excretory systems eliminate nitrogenous wastes.
Gills, gill slits, and kidneys play an important role in
excretion.
Excretion
In addition to eliminating nitrogenous wastes,
kidneys help maintain homeostasis by regulating
the amounts of water, salt, and other substances
dissolved in body fluids.
2 Ventricles
completely divided
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
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Response
33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Response
which controls many
internal organs
•  optic lobes, which
“thinking and
learning” region
are involved in vision
•  olfactory bulbs,
•  cerebellum, which
Vertebrates have a more complex brain
with distinct regions, each with a
different function.
which are involved in
smell
coordinates
movement and
balance
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Response
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
The size and complexity of the cerebrum and
cerebellum increase from fishes to mammals.
Movement
Amphibian
Reptile
Bird
Movement
Most vertebrates have an internal skeleton of bone or
cartilage.
Movement
The skeleton includes a backbone of individual bones
called vertebrae.
Ligaments connect vertebrae and allow the backbone
to bend.
Most vertebrates have fin or limb girdles that support
fins or limbs.
Mammal
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
The skeletal and muscular systems
support a vertebrate's body and make it
possible to control movement.
Bony Fish
Response
•  medulla oblongata,
•  cerebrum, or
Nonvertebrate chordates have a
relatively simple nervous system with a
mass of nerve cells that form a brain.
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
The vertebrate brain is
divided into several parts:
Response
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33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Reproduction
33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
Reproduction
33-3 Form and Function in Chordates
After fertilization, the development of chordates can
be:
Reproduction
Almost all chordates reproduce sexually.
•  Oviparous—eggs develop outside the mother’s
body.
Reproduction
Some vertebrates, such as most amphibians,
produce many offspring but give them little care. This
reproductive strategy favors populations that disperse
and grow rapidly.
Mammals and birds produce few young but care for
them. This reproductive strategy aids survival in
crowded, competitive environments.
•  Ovoviviparous—eggs develop within the
mother’s body, but are born alive.
•  Viviparous—developing embryos obtain
nutrients directly from the mother’s body and are
born alive.
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