Download Ethylene - wsu

Preharvest Growth
Regulators in
Apple
November – 2015
Dana Faubion, AgroFresh
Plant hormones
• What is a hormone – chemical messenger
• The main five plant hormones
> Abscisic Acid – growth inhibitor (dormancy), moves freely,
> Auxin -- cell elongation, meristem, top down, apical dominence
> Cytokinins – stimulates cell division, inhibits senescence, roots, bottom up,
> Ethylene – promotes senescence, ripening, gas
> Giberellins – induces cell division, cell elongation, moves freely,
> Others
|
2
Plant hormones
• What is a hormone – chemical messenger
• The main five plant hormones
> Abscisic Acid – growth inhibitor (dormancy), moves freely,
> Auxin -- cell elongation, meristem, top down, apical dominence
> Cytokinins – stimulates cell division, inhibits senescence, roots, bottom up,
> Ethylene – promotes senescence, ripening, gas
> Giberellins – induces cell division, cell elongation, moves freely,
> Others
|
3
Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana. Photo: MPI for Developmental Biology
|
4
Labeled preharvest PGRs for apple in Washington
Hormone class
Auxin
Ingredient
indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)
NAA sodium salt
naphthalene-acetamide (NAD )
naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)
Cytokinnin
cytokinnins
benzyladenine
Ethylene
ethephon
Anti Ethylene
Gibberellins
aminoethoxyvinylglycine hydrochloride (AVG)
1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)
gibberellic acid
gibberellins (GA A4, A7)
Registrant
PBT
Amvac
Fine
Amvac
Amvac
Fine
Valent
PBT
GS Long
Nufarm
Valent
Arysta
Bayer
Fine
Makhteshim-Agan
Nufarm
Valent
Valent
AgroFresh
PBT
Valent
Fine
Nufarm
WSU PICOL
|
5
Auxin – fruit abscission
• Example: NAA, Fruitone L, 3.1% NAA equivalent, Amvac
• What does it do?
> Inhibits abscission
> High levels can accelerate senescence
|
6
Gibberellins / Cytokinnins –
• Example: Gibberellins A4A7, and benzyladenine, Promalin, 1.8%,
Valent
• What does it do?
> Promotes cell division and expansion
> Fruit size
> Promotes bud break and lateral branching
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gibberellin_A1.svg#/med
ia/File:Gibberellin_A1.svg
Tree Fruit Physiology, WSU 1996
|
7
Ethylene
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Respiration
Ethylene production
Volatile production
Chlorophyll degradation
Skin and flesh changes
Protein and membrane changes
Softening
Disorders and diseases (scald,…)
Acidity
Cuticle formation
Carbohydrate metabolism
Abscission (Drop)
Firmness
Starch
Greasiness
Cracking
Bitterpit
|
8
SF Yang Cycle
AVG (ReTain)
SAM
ACC
Ethylene
Inhibits the
production of ACC, a
rate limiting step in
the biosynthesis of
ethylene
Ethylene (ethephon)
Is released after the spray is
metabolized inside the plant
1-MCP (Harvista, SmartFresh)
Ethylene receptor site
Inhibits the perception of
ethylene by receptors
Physiological effects of ethylene
|
9
Plant Ethylene
MTR-1-P
• Ethylene production
KMB
> Yang cycle
• Ethylene
• gas
Ethylene
• Ethylene perception
Met
MTR
ACC
AdoMet
MTA
Modified from Miyazaki and Yang (1987)
| 10
Chuanli Ju et al. PNAS 2012;109:19486-19491
| 11
Ethylene
• Example: Ethrel, [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid], 21.7%, Bayer
• What does it do?
| 12
Red Delicious — Ethrel® Treatments
Firmness
18.0
14.0
12.0
Grower 1
Grower 2
+4 months
+3 months
+2 months
Harvest
+4 months
+2 months
+1 month
Harvest
+4 months
+2 months
+1 month
10.0
Harvest
lbs
16.0
Grower 3
Red Delicious
- Initial
*
RA - Control
RA - SmartFresh
TM
Applications of SmartFresh took place 8-9 days post harvest.
| 13
Anti Ethylene
• Example: AVG, Retain, 15%, Valent
• What does it do?
| 14
Retain data slide
Tree Fruit Physiology, WSU 1996
Brackmann, A .SCIENTIA AGRICOLA, Volume: 72, Issue: 3
| 15
Anti Ethylene – the ‘new one’
• Example: 1-methylcyclopropene, Harvista, 3.8%, AgroFresh
• What does it do?
| 16
Harvista Fruit Drop Rescue – McIntosh
Application Dates
Control
7-Sep
18-Sep
21-Sep
100
90
Cumulative Fruit Drop %
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
6-Sep
9-Sep
12-Sep
15-Sep
18-Sep
21-Sep
24-Sep
27-Sep
30-Sep
3-Oct
Chris Watkins – Cornell University
6-Oct
9-Oct
12-Oct
15-Oct
18-Oct
21-Oct
| 17
Harvista Impact on Storage
Red Delicious
RetainTM
Control
Harvista
SmartFresh
Harvista + SmartFresh
8.0
7.5
Firmness (Kg)
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
H
H+7
H+14
H+21
Regular Atmosphere 93 days + 7 days stress
H
H+7
H+14
H+21
Controlled Atmosphere 188 days + 7 days stress
| 18
Summary
| 19
| 20