Download The War in the Pacific

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The War in the Pacific
TEKS
6(A), 8(A)
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Just
hours after striking Pearl Harbor, Japanese warplanes bombed
bombed Clark Field,
the main American air base in the Philippines.
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Following
the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese forces advanced throughout
throughout
the Pacific, seizing American, Dutch, and British colonies and capturing
capturing the
Philippine Islands. The brutal treatment of Filipino prisoners of
of war by the
Japanese during the Bataan Death March went against the standards of
conduct set out in the third Geneva Convention.
Convention.
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Japanese battleships also advanced across the Pacific Ocean but met resistance from the remains of the
U.S. Pacific fleet. In the Battle of the Coral Sea,
Sea, U.S. naval forces prevented Japan from establishing
bases from which to attack Australia. The war in the Pacific reached
reached a turning point in 1942 with the
American victory at the Battle of Midway.
Midway. The United States gained control of the first piece of
JapaneseJapanese-held territory at the Battle of Guadalcanal,
Guadalcanal, then took the offensive with a campaign of
island hopping,
hopping, attacking and capturing strategic Pacific islands.
Under American General Douglas MacArthur, U.S. forces fought to regain the Philippines,
and in the greatest naval battle in history, the Battle of Leyte Gulf,
Gulf, the United States
emerged victorious, despite Japan’s use of kamikazes,
kamikazes, or suicide planes. As U.S. forces
drew closer to Japan, fighting became deadlier. In the Battle of Iwo Jima and the
Battle of Okinawa,
Okinawa, Japanese troops fiercely resisted American forces, and both sides
sides
suffered severe casualties.
Listen
At
the same time, in the toptop-secret Manhattan Project,
Project, scientists were
developing an atomic bomb. President Harry Truman believed an invasion
invasion
would cost millions of American lives. Therefore, in early August
August 1945 two
atomic bombs decimated the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Nagasaki. On
September 2, 1945, Japan signed a formal surrender agreement.
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The War in the Pacific
Begin Taking Notes
1. What
advances did Japan make in Asia and the Pacific in late 1941
1941 and 1942?
Allied victories turned the tide of war in the Pacific?
3. What was the strategy of the United States in the struggle to reconquer the Pacific
Islands?
4. Why were the battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa important?
5. How did the Manhattan Project bring the war to an end?
2. Which
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The Japanese Advance, 1941–
1941–1942
The Japanese struck Pearl Harbor and Clark Field, in the Philippines,
Philippines, in an attempt to gain
military control in the Western Pacific.
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Within days, a large Japanese force landed on the main Philippine
Philippine island of Luzon.
MacArthur withdrew most of his troops southward to the Bataan Peninsula.
Peninsula.
President Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to escape to Australia.
By March 1942, they had swept aside British, American, and Dutch naval power in
Southeast Asia and brought a wide band of colonies into the Japanese
Japanese empire.
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On May 6, 1942, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces. The Japanese
Japanese then captured
some 76,000 Filipinos and Americans as prisoners of war. They were
were taken on a brutal 66to 1212-day journey that became known as the Bataan Death March,
March, in which they were
denied water and rest.
Those who became too weak were executed. At least 10,000 prisoners
prisoners died. Those who
survived were sent to primitive prison camps where 15,000 or more
more died.
Bataan Death March
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The Bataan Death March began at Mariveles on April 10, 1942. Any troops who fell behind were executed. Japanese
Japanese troops
beat soldiers randomly, and denied the POWs food and water for many
many days. One of their tortures was known as the sun
treatment. The Philippines in April is very hot. Therefore, the POWs were forced to sit in the sun without any shade, helmets,
or water. Anyone who dared ask for water was executed.
The Japanese Advance, 1941–
1941–1942
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The brutality of the Japanese soldiers defied accepted international
international standards for humane
treatment of prisoners spelled out in 1929 at the third Geneva Convention.
Convention.
China joined the Allies to fight against Japan, but was quickly defeated.
In May 1942, Japanese and American naval forces engaged in the Battle of the Coral Sea.
Sea.
This battle caused enormous damage on both sides. In the end, it
it was a draw, but it
prevented the Japanese from invading Australia.
Allied Victories Turn the Tide
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The Battle of Midway
On June 4, 1942, the Japanese hoped to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet by luring them into a battle near Midway Island.
The Americans, who appeared to be losing at first, surprised the Japanese as they were refueling planes. The Americans sank four Japanese
carriers.
The Japanese lost some 250 planes and most of their skilled pilots.
pilots. They were unable to launch any more offensive operations in the Pacific.
This victory for the Allies allowed them to take the offensive in
in the Pacific.
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The Battle of Guadalcanal
A major goal for the Allies was to capture Guadalcanal in the Solomon
Solomon Islands, where the Japanese were building an airfield.
When more than 11,000 marines landed on the island in August 1942,
1942, the Japanese soldiers fled into the jungle.
The Battle of Guadalcanal provided the marines with their first taste of jungle warfare. After five months, the Japanese were finally
defeated.
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Battle of Midway and the Battle of
Guadalcanal
Struggle for the Islands
From
Guadalcanal, American forces began islandisland-hopping,
hopping, a military strategy
of selectively attacking specific enemyenemy-held islands and bypassing others. This
strategy allowed the Americans to move more quickly toward their ultimate
goal—
goal—Japan itself.
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In
October 1944, American troops invaded the Philippine island of
of Leyte.
Leyte. As
the ground troops battled inland, the greatest naval battle in world
world history
developed off the coast. More than 280 warships took part in the
the threethree-day
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Battle of Leyte Gulf.
Gulf.
Struggle for the Islands
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The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the first battle in which Japanese pilots loaded their aircraft
aircraft
with bombs and then deliberately crashed them into enemy ships.
These were called kamikazes,
kamikazes, or suicide planes. Despite this tactic, the American force
virtually destroyed the Japanese navy and emerged victorious.
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Japanese land forces in the Philippines continued to resist, however.
however. It took two months
for the American troops to liberate Leyte.
Leyte.
The battle for the Philippines’ capital, Manila, was equally difficult,
difficult, leaving some 100,000
Filipino civilians dead. Not until June 1945 did the Allies control
control the Philippines.
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
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The Battle of Iwo Jima
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The Battle of Okinawa
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The Battle of Okinawa was fought from April to June 1945. The island
island of Okinawa was the last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the
the
Japanese home islands.
The Japanese flew nearly 2,000 kamikaze attacks against the 1,300
1,300 warships of the American fleet.
For the American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties made the Battle
Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific war.
At the end, the American forces were victorious, and the Allies had a clear path to Japan.
The Manhattan Project
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In February 1945, American marines stormed the beaches of Iwo Jima.
Jima.
In the Battle of Iwo Jima,
Jima, American forces suffered an estimated 25,000 casualties. The United States awarded 27 Medals of Honor, more
than for any other operation of the war.
It took more than 100,000 American troops almost a month to defeat
defeat fewer than 25,000 Japanese, who fought almost to the last defender.
defender.
Admiral Nimitz described the island as a place in which “uncommon valor was common
common virtue.”
In August 1939, Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein,
Einstein, a brilliant Jewish physicist who had fled
from Europe. In his letter, Einstein suggested that an incredibly
incredibly powerful new type of bomb could be
built by the Germans.
Roosevelt organized the toptop-secret Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans.
On July 16, 1945, Manhattan Project scientists fieldfield-tested the world’s first atomic bomb in the desert of
New Mexico. With a blinding flash of light, the explosion blew a huge crater in the earth and shattered
windows some 125 miles away.
The Manhattan Project
Once the bomb was ready, President Harry S Truman, who took office
office after Roosevelt’s
sudden death in April of 1945, made the ultimate decision to drop
drop the atomic bomb on
Japan.
On August 6, 1945,
1945, an American plane, the Enola Gay, dropped a single atomic bomb on
the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
Hiroshima. A blast of intense heat annihilated the city’s center and its
residents in an instant—
instant—leading to as many as 80,000 deaths. Three days later, a second
bomb was dropped on Nagasaki.
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On August 14, the government of Japan surrendered. On September 2, 1945, the formal
surrender agreement was signed. The long and destructive war had finally come to an
end.
Estimated World War II Deaths
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The War in the Pacific—
Pacific—Assessment
Which of the following was the greatest naval battle in world history?
history?
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(A) The Battle of Leyte Gulf
(B) The Battle of Iwo Jima
(C) The Battle of Okinawa
(D) The Battle of Midway
The purpose of the Manhattan Project was to develop __________.
(A) the atomic bomb before the Germans did
(B) a defense against kamikaze attacks
(C) an unsinkable warship
(D) a new military training program
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The War in the Pacific—
Pacific—Assessment
Which of the following was the greatest naval battle in world history?
history?
(A) The Battle of Leyte Gulf
(B) The Battle of Iwo Jima
(C) The Battle of Okinawa
(D) The Battle of Midway
The purpose of the Manhattan Project was to develop __________.
(A) the atomic bomb before the Germans did
(B) a defense against kamikaze attacks
(C) an unsinkable warship
(D) a new military training program
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QUIZ
Put
your name, date, and period on a piece of binder paper – number it 1 to
10.
Make
sure to title the quiz.
Complete
the quiz.
QUIZ
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Work
Look over your notes from today.
1. Answer the 5 questions from today’s lecture.
2. In five sentences, write a brief summary of what we went over in class today. Use the highlighted key
terms in your summary!
Title the paper the same as the Lecture Notes.
Make sure to put your Name,
Name, Date,
Date, and Period in the upper right hand corner of your page.
Turn this in at the beginning of class tomorrow – put it in the handhand-in/collection basket.
Worth 25 out of 100 points for this week’s Daily grade.
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