Download Practice Exam 4: Immune, Renal, Skeletal Systems

Practice Exam 4
Immune, Renal, and Skeletal Systems Ch. 21, 25, 6, 7
1) Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response?
A) A secondary immune response is started by naïve lymphocytes, while a primary
immune response is initiated by memory cells.
B) A secondary immune response does produce as many antibodies compared to a
primary immune response.
C) A secondary immune response is slower than a primary immune response.
D) A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.
2) Antibodies use all of the following mechanisms to attack pathogens directly EXCEPT:
A) Agglutination
B) Complement fixation
C) Cell lysis
D) Precipitation
E) Neutralization
3) Which of the following terms means to coat bacteria, making them easier to phagocytize by
macrophages and neutrophils?
A) Opsonization
B) Complement fixation
C) Pyrexia
D) MAC coating
4) Which is correctly matched?
A) B cells: suppress the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared
from the body.
B) Helper T cells: recognize virus-infected cells
C) Regulatory T cells: make antibodies
D) Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I
5) Molecules which elicit an immune response are called:
A) APCs
B) Pyrogens
C) Antibodies
D) Antigens
6) If you were inoculated with hepatitis A vaccine, a population of this type of cell would begin
to make the appropriate antibody:
A) Neutrophils
B) Helper T lymphocytes
C) B lymphocytes
D) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
E) Natural killers
7) Interferons are a type of:
A) Lymphocyte
B) Leukocyte
C) Cytokine
D) Bacteria
8) Infected cells of the pancreas would display a foreign antigen fragment on a(n):
A) Complement 3b
B) Immunoglobulin A
C) MAC membrane complex
D) MHC I
E) MHC II
9) These cells recognize non-self antigens and produce lymphokines to stimulate the cells that
actually make the antibodies:
A) Cytotoxic T
B) Helper T
C) Suppressor T
D) Natural killers
E) Memory T
10) Humoral immunity is provided by:
A) Antibodies.
B) Interferons.
C) T cells.
D) Complement proteins.
11) Which of the following (circle all that apply) are necessary for plasma cells to produce the
high volume of antibodies?
A) Centrioles
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Mitochondria
D) Ribosomes
E) ER
12) As urine passes down the collecting duct, water leaves the tube by osmosis and, thus, the
urine becomes more and more concentrated.
A) True
B) False
13) Which of the following is a function of the urinary system?
A) Filter plasma
B) Regulate Blood Pressure
C) Regulate pH
D) All of the Above
14) This structure in the kidneys is responsible for filtration of the blood plasma:
A) Loop of Henle
B) Glomerulus
C) Proximal Convoluting Tubules
D) Collecting Duct
15) Should blood pressure rise, one means of renal autoregulation would involve:
A) Constriction of the proximal convoluted tubule
B) Dilation of the afferent arteriole
C) Constriction of the afferent arteriole
D) Constriction of the efferent arteriole
E) Dilation of the proximal convoluted tubule
16) The following parts of the nephron are always permeable to water:
A) Ascending Loop of Henle
B) Descending Loop of Henle
C) Distal Convoluted Tubule
D) Collecting Duct
17) The most correct sequence of fluid flow through the kidney is:
A) nephron loop --> glomerular capsule --> proximal convoluted tubules --> distal
convoluted tubules --> collecting duct
B) glomerular capsule --> proximal convoluted tubules --> nephron loop --> distal
convoluted tubules --> collecting duct
C) proximal convoluted tubules --> distal convoluted tubules --> nephron loop -->
glomerular capsule --> collecting duct
D) distal convoluted tubules --> nephron loop --> proximal convoluted tubules -->
glomerular capsule --> collecting duct
E) nephron loop --> proximal convoluted tubules --> glomerular capsule --> distal
convoluted tubules --> collecting duct
18) If you have a low GFR, your body will do this to return to homeostasis:
A) Dilate afferent arteriole, dilate efferent arteriole
B) Dilate afferent arteriole, constrict efferent arteriole
C) Constrict afferent arteriole, dilate efferent arteriole
D) Constrict afferent arteriole, dilate efferent arteriole
19) This force acts against the glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
A) Blood colloid osmotic pressure
B) Capsular hydrostatic pressure
C) Tubular Reabsorption
D) A & B
E) B & C
20) Which of the following is not related to a high glomerular filtration rate?
A) Dehydration
B) Urine output increases
C) Electrolyte depletion
D) Low blood pressure
21) The concentration gradient that exists from the cortex to the medulla of the kidney is
produced by the:
A) Loops of the cortical nephrons
B) Proximal convoluted tubules of juxtamedullary nephrons
C) Loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons
D) Distal convoluted tubules of cortical nephrons
E) Collecting ducts of juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons
22) When blood pressure drops, the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney secrete the enzyme renin,
which indirectly results in a(n):
A) Lowering of the mean arterial blood pressure.
B) Increase in the glomerular filtration rate.
C) Loss of sodium.
D) Stimulation of the sense of thirst.
23) The collecting duct is able to concentrate urine mainly because:
A) It is permeable to NaCl but not water
B) It actively transports water
C) The osmolarity of the extracellular fluid in the medulla is higher than that in the cortex
D) The permeability of the tubular cells to Na+ increases as the duct passes through the
medulla
E) Hydrostatic pressure forces water out of the duct
24) Which of the following cell types is NOT correctly matched with its corresponding
description?
A) Osteoclast: responsible for bone resorption
B) Osteoblast: responsible for bone growth
C) Osteocyte: mature bone cell responsible for bone matrix
D) Osteogenic cell: directly give rise to new osteocytes
25) The type of cartilage that is most abundant in the body is:
A) Hyaline
B) Elastic
D) Fibrocartilage
E) Dense cartilage
26) Which of the following disorders of the skeletal system is NOT correctly matched with its
description?
A) Dwarfism: long bones stop growing in childhood
B) Milk fever: post-partum hypoglycemia
C) Rickets: too much Vitamin D
D) Spider Syndrome: cartilage is not converted to bone
E) Lameness: defect in blood circulation
27) The hormone that maintains bone density in adults is:
A) Estrogen
B) Testosterone
C) Progesterone
D) Calcitonin
E) Calcitriol
28) If blood calcium levels rise:
A) Parathyroid hormone will be released, which causes osteoblasts to deposit calcium
salts
B) Calcitonin will be released, which causes osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix
C) Calcitriol will be released, which causes increased synthesis of osteoclasts
D) The risk of becoming hypercalcemic increases
29) Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding bone growth?
A) Bone formation begins in the second month in utero
B) Bone-lengthening growth continues into adulthood
C) The epiphyseal plate closes at the end of adolescence
D) Bone remodeling and repair is a life-long process
30) Intramembranous ossification:
A) Forms the flat bones in our body
B) Forms the spongy bones in our body
C) Is done through replacement of hyaline cartilage
D) Can be done through appositional or interstitial growth
ESSAY TOPICS
Below are sample essay questions. For each, draft the response you would provide on an actual
exam. Use key words and topic sentences to make an outline of a potential essay. Make sure to
draw any diagrams required. Note: Most of these questions can most easily be answered with a
schematic representation accompanied by brief descriptions of the drawn elements. In other
words: if it helps – DRAW A PICTURE.
IMMUNE SYSTEM:
1) Explain how phagocytes are mobilized and then discuss what happens during the event of
phagocytosis.
2) Trace the path of activation for a B cell. Be sure to note the differences in post-activation functions of
plasma and memory cells.
3) Trace the path of activation for a T cell. Be sure to note the differences in post-activation
functions of TC and TH cells.
4)
Explain why re-exposure to an antigen will not illicit clinical sickness.
RENAL SYSTEM:
1) Discuss renal autoregulation of the glomerular filtration rate.
2)
Describe the concentration of urine in the kidneys by tracing the path of filtrate from the glomerulus
to the collecting duct.
3) Explain how concentrated urine is formed using the countercurrent multiplier.
4)
Discuss the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis with respect to its role in the regulation of kidney
function.
SKELETAL SYSTEM:
1) Discuss the process involved in intramebranous ossification into flat bone and compare that
to endochondral ossification of other bones in the skeleton:
2) Discuss various disorders common to the skeletal system. Include ions, hormones, or other
nutrients involved, what the symptoms are, and any known treatments: