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Transcript
Learning Ch. 7 Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Associative Learning Learning that 2 events occur together Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physician/ neurophysiologist Nobel Prize in 1904 studied digestive secretions Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) During Conditioning Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation) Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response Unconditioned Response (UCR) unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus salivation when food is in the mouth Classical Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS) originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus Behaviorism John B. Watson viewed psychology as objective science generally agreed-upon consensus today “baby Albert” Classical Conditioning Acquisition the initial stage in classical conditioning Extinction diminishing of a CR Spontaneous Recovery reappearance, of an extinguished CR Generalization tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses Discrimination Operant Conditioning Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic response to stimulus behavior learned through classical conditioning Operant Behavior operates (acts) on environment produces consequences Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (19041990) elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect developed behavioral technology Operant Conditioning Reinforcer any event that strengthens the behavior it follows Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Interval Number of responses Amount of time Punishment aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows Operant Conditioning Latent Learning learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation desire to perform a behavior for its own sake vs. the promise of rewards or threat of punishment Observational Learning Observational Learning learning by observing others Modeling process of observing and imitating a specific behavior Mirror Neurons may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy Observational Learning Albert Bandura Bobo doll