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Download Baby Lab Instructions 1. Choosing Your Donor Bring a color
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Baby Lab Instructions 1. Choosing Your Donor Bring a color photograph or picture of your ideal gamete donor (for this project, your gamete donor must be human and of the opposite gender!). Look in magazines, catalogs, on the internet, etc. Do not choose a person that you personally know unless you have their permission. The photograph must be small enough to fit inside a manila folder. The photograph must be in COLOR! The photograph must also be appropriate! 2. Determining Phenotype Use the Genetic Trait Guide to determine your phenotype. Record this information on the Parent Generation Trait sheet provided. When you have determined your own phenotype, record the phenotype of your donor. Pictures do not always show characteristics like, height. In those cases, you will have to fill in the desired characteristic for your donor. 3. Determining Your Own Genotype Starting with the section labeled “Simple Dominance,” determine your genotype for each trait listed using the Genetic Trait Guide. This is one of the most important steps! Use information about your phenotype, your parents’ phenotypes, and your siblings’ phenotypes. If you cannot determine your exact genotype for a trait, but you know you are phenotypically dominant for the trait, choose the heterozygous condition. Eye and Hair Color: Polygenic Traits For your genotype you need 2 alleles for each gene influencing color. You know that for the recessive allele to be expressed in the phenotype, its genotype must be homozygous recessive. For the dominant to show up, the genotype can be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous. If you have the dominant phenotype you may choose either homozygous dominant or heterozygous. Example: brown eyes - jj could be jj OR jj K? KK Kk G? GG Gg S? SS Ss blue eyes could be OR kk kk kk gg gg gg S? SS Ss jj jj jj ? mark can either be a dominant or recessive allele. 4. Constructing Chromosomes Use the colored sheets (pink and blue) of chromosomes provided to make a chromosome for each gene that influences a trait for you and your donor. For the traits that involve several genes, you need to use several chromosomes. Make certain that the sex-linked traits are placed on the X chromosomes. Because there are several sex-linked traits, there will be several genes listed on each X chromosome. Remember to use only one X chromosome for a male and 2 for each female. Too many or not enough X chromosomes caused by nondisjunction lead to abnormal development! Notice that the chromosomes come in pairs that are joined together. Meiosis has not occurred! Therefore, the chromosome number is still diploid. To make the chromosomes, use the pink set if you are a female, and the blue set if you are a male. Fill out one allele of each gene listed in your genotype on one side of the chromosome in the space marked “gene.” Write the other allele for that gene on the other chromosome in that space marked “gene.” Example: Dimples – Dd (1 trait, 1 gene, 2 alleles) ‘D’ goes on one chromosome in a pair ‘d’ goes on the other chromosome in that pair. Eye color -- jj KK Gg ss (Hazel green) (1 trait, 4 genes, 8 alleles) 4 genes combine for eye color. Each one contains the alleles for each of the 4 genes that influence eye color. NOTE: Due to recent research we now know the actual location of some genes. For these genes (and traits), you must use the specific chromosome indicate on the Genetic Trait Guide. Some chromosomes may have more than one gene. In real life, chromosomes have many genes. Genes located on the same chromosomes are called linked genes. Continue to make chromosomes in this manor until you have assigned every allele in your genotype to chromosome. Use the same method to construct a set of chromosomes for your donor. Use the pink set if your donor is a female, and the blue set if your donor is a male. 5. Genetic Disorder Drawing There is a possibility that genetic disorders run in previous generations. You will need to draw one slip of paper from one container for your possible disorder and one slip of paper from another container for possible disorder of your donor. There are also slips of papers that indicate no disorders present. Make sure the two slips of paper get taped inside your folder. NOTE (Sex-linked Disorders): Sex-linked alleles are those located on one sex chromosome but not the other. In humans, most sex-linked alleles are located on the X chromosome (as they are in this lab). A male (XY) only receives sex-linked alleles from his mother, since the Y chromosome is always inherited from the father. A male therefore only needs one copy of a sex-linked recessive alleles to exhibit the trait. In contrast, a female must inherit two copies of such recessive alleles, one from each parent, to exhibit a sexlinked trait. When filling out the sex-linked disorders information on the chromosomes, you will need to write the disorder genotype in addition to the genotype for baldness, since it is also sex-linked. Write your sex-linked disorder information just under the baldness information on your parent trait sheet, to show that it is on the same chromosome. When you code multiple sex-linked traits on your chromosomes, you will need to just write one X, and put commas to separate the superscripts representing different sex-linked conditions (example: Xb, c). 6. Preparing for Fertilization Cut out each pair of chromosomes on the broken lines only. The chromosome number is still diploid. To make gametes, you must reduce the chromosome number by ½. To do this, fold each pair of chromosomes along the middle line so the genes are on the outside. The folded chromosome now represents a single chromosome. The cells are now haploid gametes. Which gene will appear in the gamete? That is determined only by probability, like tossing a coin. Gather all of your chromosomes and give them a toss in the air. Record all the alleles that land face-up on the F1 Generation sheet Child #1. Collectively they represent the alleles present in the gamete for you. (Note: Do not lose them. You will need your chromosomes again later). Repeat this procedure using your donor’s chromosomes to determine the alleles present in their gamete. Fertilization – Simply combine the alleles from the two gametes to determine the genotype of your child. Use the Genetic Trait Guide to determine the phenotype of your first child. 7. Second Child Toss both sets of chromosomes again and repeat steps of fertilization. Record all the alleles that land faceup on the F1 Generation sheet Child #2. Congrats on your family! 8. Picture For The Paper Now that you have the phenotypes in place for both children, the citizens of your community would love to see them. Use the Face Template sheets provided to give us a peek at your lovely children. We are in the age of color photographs, so colored pencils or markers are mandatory. Do your best—you will be graded on effort! 9. Save Those Chromosomes!! Place your chromosomes in a zip-lock bag. These will be turned in with all your paperwork at the end of the unit.