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Behavioral Psychology Overview l l l l Contiguity Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Applied Behavior Analysis Perspectives on Learning l Behavioral: Learning must be observable change in behavior l Cognitive: Learning is an internal process and cannot be observed directly Contiguity Learning l Learning by simple associations: Pairing l Example: – Golden Arches = McDonalds Pavlov: Classical Conditioning l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Pavlov’s dilemma Involuntary responses: Respondents Generalization Discrimination Extinction Classical Classroom Examples A first grader feels ill when recess time approaches because he was beat up on the playground the last 3 days in a row. Certain smells that can elicit nauseous sensations (NOT from the cafeteria!). Speech phobia - cold sweat, shaking knees and hands. Skinner: Operant Conditioning Operants: deliberate actions Thorndike’s Law of Effect Skinner: Operant Conditioning Operants: deliberate actions Thorndike’s Law of Effect ABC’s Reinforcement Punishment Shaping Types of Consequences Types of Reinforcement Positive reinforcement Examples: – praise teacher attention – rewards Negative reinforcement – avoid the loss of privileges – take away an aversive stimulus Types of Punishment Presentation Punishment – Detention – Extra work Removal Punishment – Loss of recess – Loss of privileges – l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Reinforcement Schedules Controlling Antecedents Antecedents Providing previous information about expected behaviors Signaling when a behavior should be emitted Cueing: Lights off means “Be quiet!” Prompting: Verbal reminder after students do not get quiet after lights were turned off. Applied Behavior Analysis Baseline behavior Target behavior Classroom application: 1 - Specify the desired behavior 2 - Plan a specific intervention 3 - Keep track of the results Interventions: Encouraging Positive Behavior Teacher attention Praise & ignore Premack principle Shaping Positive practice Coping with Undesirable Behaviors Negative reinforcement: ‘No recess until…’ Satiation: ‘I would like 1000 of those perfect spit wads, please!’ Reprimands: soft & private Response cost Social isolation Punishment Coping with Undesirable Behaviors Cautions: Use a two pronged approach: – Reinforcement – Punishment See Guidelines, Woolfolk, pp. 217-221
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