Download THE COLD WAR 1945

THE COLD WAR
1945-1989
The Conflict of tensions
and hostilities between
the United States and
the Soviet Union
Nuremburg Trials
• Trials held for the purpose of bringing Nazi war
criminals to justice, the Nuremberg trials were a
series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg,
Germany, between 1945 and 1949.
• The defendants, who included Nazi Party officials
and high-ranking military officers along with
German industrialists, lawyers and doctors, were
indicted on such charges as crimes against peace
and crimes against humanity. Nazi leader Adolf
Hitler (1889-1945)
Nuremburg Trials
• Nuremberg trials are
now regarded as a
milestone toward the
establishment of a
permanent
international court,
and an important
precedent for dealing
with later instances
of genocide and
other crimes against
humanity.
March 1945 Yalta Conference
1945 Yalta Conference
• Purpose of discussing Europe's post-war
reorganization
• Big Three agreed that all original
governments would be restored to the
invaded countries
July 1945 Potsdam Conference
1949 Europe
• 1945 Potsdam
Conference
• 1948 Germany split into
two sections
• Berlin split into two
• Soviets wanted Eastern
sections
European countries to act
• 1948 Berlin Airlift: Soviets
as a buffer incase of
blocked Western aid to
another future attack
West Berlin. US sent
• Americans and British
massive amounts of food
wanted democracies in all
and supplies through air
of Europe; let the
craft flights to Berlin
Europeans decide
• Soviet blockade called off
(Wilson’s self1949
determination)
• Western Europe Free
1948 Berlin Airlift
• Soviets blocked
Western aid to West
Berlin. US sent massive
amounts of food and
supplies through air
craft flights to Berlin
• Soviet blockade called
off 1949
Improve your knowledge
• The Russians took very high casualties to
capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the
early occupation trying to take over all zones
of the city but were stopped by German
democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad
Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to
admit the Americans, French and British to
their respective zones.
United Nations 1945
• FDR created the UN Charter but died before
seeing it created
• 51 Nations pledged to solve world problems
peacefully (now 193 nations)
• The Security Council has primary responsibility
for the maintenance of international peace and
security. It has 15 Members, and each Member
has one vote. Under the Charter, all Member
States are obligated to comply with Council
decisions.
1947
Greece and Turkey in turmoil
Truman Doctrine:
President Truman
Containment Policy: stop
communism from spreading
• The US would provide
economic and military aid to
countries to help
communism from spreading
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• Marshall Plan
• General George C Marshall
• Us launched massive
economic aid program
providing $13 billion to
rebuild Europe
• Western Europe would
rebuild quickly
• Eastern Europe not too
good; Soviets did not pour
money into them
Central Intelligence Agency 1947
• Office of Strategic Service OSS
created by FDR create espionage
used in WWII By William Donovan
based on British Secret Intelligence
Service (MIG) IN 1942
• Dulles created CIA secret
organization from the OSS to
collect information and spy on
foreign governments to protect
America
Organization of American States 1947
South America, Central America, Mexico and US
united to protect the Western Hemisphere from
aggression
Two New Teams “East v West”
• 1949 North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
(NATO)
• US and Western European
countries sign a pact or
alliance to maintain peace
in Europe
• General Eisenhower set up
and acted as first
commander
• Military to enforce unlike
League of Nations in past
• 1955 Warsaw Pact
• Soviets and Communist
Eastern European countries
sign pact or alliance
Israel 1948
• Palestine controlled by
British 1920-1948
• 1948 Israel created
• Both US & Soviets
recognized
• Mass migration of European
Jews to Israel home
• Start of Arab-Israel Conflict
(which still exists today)
• Zionist Movement-Jewish
nationalism around the
world
Back Home in America
• Levittown, NY first planned
suburb community 1947
• Baby Boomers
• Large generation of American
born from 1945-1960.
• TV & transistor
• Computer UNIVAC
• Vaccines
• Interstate Highways
• Sunbelt migrations aided
with air conditioning let
people move to hot areas like
California, Arizona and
Florida
America on Edge of Red Scare
• The “Red Scare”,
launched by Senator
Joe McCarthy,
dominated US politics
for several years
1948-53 and helped
pressure Truman into
the Korean War
• Fear of Communism
spreading to US
• Many Americans were
accused of being or
knowing communists
• Accusations were like
the witch trials of
Salem in the 1600s!
House of Un-American Activities
• Since the 1930s
• Expose anti-American and radical groups
including communists in America
• Many Americans were accused of being a
radical or communist
• 1947 Film Industry in Hollywood investigated
with top ten
Alger Hiss 1948
• Accused of being a
spy for the Soviets by
the HUAC IN 1948
• 1950 guilty of perjury
and sentenced to
prison
• Nixon, a
Congressman from
California helped go
after Hiss
Klaus Fuchs 1950
• Nuclear Physicist
• Helped create atomic bombs
used in Manhattan Project and
transmitted information to the
Soviets
• Served 9 years in prison
• Moved to East Germany
(Communist)
Rosenberg's 1951
• Convicted of passing
military secrets to the
Soviets including
Manhattan Project
information
• Sentenced to death in
1953
• First US Citizens to be
executed for
espionage and
treason
China Communist Revolution 1949
• China completes it’s
revolution by 1949 and
united as communist
after WWII.
• Chinese Nationalists
(democratic) flee to
Taiwan (still there
today)
• US fears of more Asian
countries falling to
communism
Soviet Atomic Bomb 1949
• The first Soviet atomic test was codenamed First Lightning on August 29, 1949, and
was code-named by the Americans as Joe 1.
KOREAN WAR 1950-1953
• After Japan’s surrender in
1945, US and USSR
divided Korea in half
• Communist North
• Democratic South
• 1950 North Korea attacked
South Korea to unite
• United Nations sent troops
(police force) along with US
military
• US pushed back North
Korea to the Chinese border
• General Douglas MacArthur
wanted to drive into China
and was fired by Truman.
• Chinese troops crossed the
border helping North Korea.
• State-mate
• 1953 Truce signed lasted up
to today. No peace treaty
yet!
• North still Communist!
SPACE RACE 1945-1970
• 1945 Both US and USSR raced to
capture German scientists to
develop rockets
• 1947 US Chuck Yeager broke
sound barrier (mach 1 or 750mph)
• 1957 Russians launch first satellite
into space called Sputnik
• 1957 Sputnik II; First dog in space
named Laika
• 1961 Soviet Yuri Gagarin was the
first astronaut to orbit the Earth
• 1961, one month later, Mercury
missions, U.S. Alan Sheppard first
American in Space
• Kennedy created Apollo program
to get a man on the moon by end
of 1960s
• 1969 US launched Apollo 11; land
Neil Armstrong, first man on the
moon
• US won space race even though
both sides sending satellites to
space to spy on each other
• 1977-Present US develops space
shuttle missions to space
President Eisenhower
• Republican
• Two terms (1952-1960)
• Richard Nixon was Vice
President
• Stop spreading of
Communism
• Invited conversation about
transparency with the
Soviets about weapons
John Foster Dulles
John Foster Dulles served as
U.S. Secretary of State under
Republican President Dwight D.
Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959.
Set tone of American Foreign
Policy 1950s -1960s
Advocating an aggressive stance
against communism throughout
the world
Set up SEATO in 1955
Domino Theory 1954
• After French lose Vietnam
• President Eisenhower
unleashed his Domino
Theory stating that if one
country falls to
communism, then others
would fall to communism
as well.
• Us gets involved right away
Vietnam 1954
• Vietnam helped US during
WWII
• Colony of France since 1800s
• US supported and supplied
the French
• Vietminh (nationalist
Vietnamese) fought the
French and won by 1954.
• Vienna Accords established
North and South Vietnam
Vietnam Justification
• Eisenhower's announcement of the
"domino theory" laid the foundation for U.S.
involvement in Vietnam.
• John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B.
Johnson both used the theory to justify their
calls for increased U.S. economic and
military assistance to non-communist South
Vietnam and, eventually, the commitment
of U.S. armed forces in 1965.
America’s Commitment to Vietnam
• Ngô Đình Diệm was the first
president of South Vietnam. In the
wake of the French withdrawal from
Indochina as a result of the 1954
Geneva Accords, Diệm led the effort
to create the Republic of Vietnam.
• US backed President even though
the population of Vietnam voted
(democracy) for Ho Chi Minh
(Communist)
• Corrupt & was assassinated in
November 1963
Nikita Khrushchev 1953-1964
• Stalin died in 1952
• Khrushchev replaced
Stalin as Premier of the
USSR
• Nikita and Eisenhower
were working on
limiting and disarming
nuclear weapons
South East Asia Treaty Organization
SEATO 1955
• South East Asian countries banded together to
stop communism (Australia, France, Great Britain,
New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand and US)
• Part of Truman’s Doctrine of stopping the
spread of communism
• No military backing like NATO
• Helped give support for US intervention in
Vietnam
• Dissolved in 1977
Eisenhower Doctrine 1957
• The term Eisenhower Doctrine refers to a
speech by President Dwight David Eisenhower
on 5 January 1957, within a "Special Message
to the Congress on the Situation in the Middle
East“
• US would aid Middle East Countries to stop
Communism
Arms Race Begins
• U.S. and Soviets
develop nuclear bombs
on a massive scale
• Deterrence: The
development or
maintaining of a strong
military, weapons, to
prevent or deter an
attack by either side
Cuba Communist Revolution
• 1953-1959
• Communist Fidel Castro held
a revolution against US
backed President Fulgencio
Batista
• Castro eliminated all US
gambling and business
practices in Cuba
• US held embargo (which still
exists today)
U2 Spy plane Incident 1960
• 1960 U2 Incident, Soviets
shot down American U2 spy
plane
• US Pilot Gary Francis
Powers was shot down over
the Soviet Union
• US was caught spying on
the Soviets
• US/Soviet relations ended
President John F. Kennedy
Election of 1960 Democrats win!
First televised debates!
1st Catholic President
Vice President Lyndon B.
Johnson
• Beat Republican Richard Nixon
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“New Frontier”
• Kennedy’s idea to reform
the nation
• Promote a new world order
and freedom
• Space
• Technology
• Earl Warren (Chef Justice)
• Many court precedents
• Peace Corps: America help
develop poor nations
Alliance for Progress 1961
• Kennedy establish economic cooperation between
the U.S. and Latin America.
• US would provide financial assistance to Latin
American countries
• an annual increase of 2.5% in per capita income,
• the establishment of democratic governments,
• the elimination of adult illiteracy by 1970
• price stability, to avoid inflation or deflation
• more equitable income distribution, land reform, and
• economic and social planning
• US provide $80 Billion
Cuba: Bay of Pigs Incident April 1961
• Counter-revolution
• American backed/trained
free Cubans launched
invasion of Cuba to end
the Communist Castro
regime which failed.
• Nixon urged a US invasion
• Kennedy backed off a fullinvasion to stop Castro
• USSR pledged to help Cuba
in the future
1960-1963 World at Edge of WWIII
• Kennedy wanted to meet
with Khrushchev to ease
tensions
• USSR demanded respect
for East Germany and US
leave West Berlin
• August 1961 Berlin Wall
built by East Germany to
keep the West out.
• Separated East Berlin from
West Berlin until 1989
“Ich Bin Ein Berliner”
• I am a Berliner
• Kennedy visited West
Berlin to reaffirm US
commitment to
support West Berlin
Soviet Missiles ICBMs
• Inter-Continental
Ballistic Missiles
Tsar Bomba 1961 (RDS 220)
• largest, most powerful nuclear weapon ever
detonated by any country.
• Hydrogen Bomb
• Although weaponized, it was not entered into
service; it was simply a demonstrative testing
on the capabilities of the Soviet Union's
military technology at that time.
• Show Kennedy & USA what the Soviets had!
Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
• For thirteen days in October 1962 the world
waited—seemingly on the brink of nuclear
war—and hoped for a peaceful resolution to
the Cuban Missile Crisis.
• Soviets shipped nuclear missiles to Cuba
• US flew U2 spy planes to investigate, take
pictures and decide what to do for 13 days
• US sent US Navy to turn Soviet ships around
and avoided WWIII
• In September 1962 the
United States discovered
that the Soviet Union
had begun building
nuclear missile sites on
Cuba.
• In early October
American Spy planes
(U2s) produced
photographic evidence
of the existence of the
sites.
• President Kennedy
called a special meeting
of the National Security
Council to advise him on
what action to take…
US Naval Blockade
Response
Kennedy with Advisors
KENNEDY Assassination
November 22, 1963
Dallas Texas
Lee Harvey Oswald
Promote: education,
national security, and
world peace—for his
run in 1964.
• Governor of Texas
John Connely
• Jack Ruby killed
Oswald the next day
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STOP
Vietnam War 1954-1975
• After WWII, Vietnam became
a French colony like before
• 1954: French defeated by
Vietminh forces; US worried
about communism
spreading
• US appoints leader of South
Vietnam
• Ho Chi Minh leader of North
(communist)
• 1963-1973 War
• 1968 Tet Offensive; North
attacked South; many
American casualties this year
• 1975 American forces left
Vietnam
• North came down and united
all of Vietnam as communist
• US lost
Afghanistan 1955-1985
• Soviets wanted control of
Afghanistan
• Americans trained
Afghanistan forces
including Taliban to fight
off Soviets
• War 1979-1985
• Soviets pull out in 1985
and lost
• Soviet’s “Vietnam War”
Cold War Ending 1989
• President Reagan invests
more money into military
and does not back down to
communists
• Helped end Cold War
• Increased spending on
military that the Soviets
could not match
• Star Wars Program: Build
satellites to shoot down
incoming Soviet nuclear
missiles; never
accomplished
Cold War Over: US Won!
• 1989 Berlin Wall comes down
• Soviet Union ends and changes
country name back to Russia
• Communism finished!
• US won the Cold War
• East Europe changed to
democracies as well
• China, North Korea, and Cuba
remain communist today.