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Energy and Photosynthesis Energy “Energy is a property or characteristic of matter that makes things happen, or, in the case of stored or potential energy, has the "potential" to make things happen.” Energy is neither created nor destroyed it just changes form Types of energy: Solar Wind Electrical Mechanical Hydro Chemical Nuclear Heat How do Organisms get Energy? Autotrophs (Producers) Have the ability to make their own food Photoautotrophs use sunlight Chemoautotrophs use inorganic chemicals found in their environment Heterotrophs (Consumers) Organisms that use other organisms as their food Decomposers Breakdown dead organisms or the waste of organisms as a food source Food Web Producer Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Biological Energy (Food Energy Converted to ATP in the mitochondria) (Adenosine triphosphate) 3 components: 3. Phosphate Group In a cell the phosphates are ionized 1. Adenine Nitrogen base 2. Ribose 5 carbon sugar How Cells Use ATP Energy Equation ATP Release of energy Storage of energy ADP + P Where does the P go? Phosphorylation: W + ATP -----> W~P + ADP where W is any compound, for example: glucose + ATP -----> glucose~P + ADP Glucose is prevented from leaving the cell with the P attached. How do Cells Use ATP? • Mechanical - muscle contraction, cell movement • Transport - active transport, pumping ions • Chemical - activation of molecules, biosynthesis ATP / Glucose ATP is unstable Why? 3 negative charges bonded together - repel one another ATP can’t be stored ATP / Glucose Within the bonds of glucose there is 90x the energy of 1 ATP Glycogen is stored energy So...Where does all of the ATP, Glucose, Energy.. come from? Photosynthesis Process that turns the sun’s energy into chemical (food) energy 6CO2 + +sunlight C6H12O6 + What would be the reverse of this? Ingredients for Photosynthesis • Light Energy • Plant Pigments • Chloroplast • Electron carrier molecules - NADPH What is Light? Electromagnetic spectrum - different types of radiation Radiation is energy that spreads out as it travels through space Photon s • Light energy Artist - Marco Casagrande • Wavelike particles • Amount of energy depends on the wavelength • Shorter the wavelength the more energy • Violet has the shortest wavelength and then the most energy White Light / Visible Light 380 - 750 nm Human eye sees different wavelengths as different colors The color we see is the wavelength reflected back at us the others are absorbed Plant Pigments Pigments are light absorbing molecules Primary Photosynthetic Pigment is Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll a absorbs violet red, reflects blue green Chlorophyll b absorbs blue red, reflects yellow green Accessory pigments: Chlorophyll b Carotenes - reflects orange Anthocyanins -reflects red Xanthopylls - reflects yellow Chlorophyll a and b Always bonded to a protein Porphyrin ring Many double bonds that allow it to absorb solar energy and transfer the energy to an electron, exciting it to a higher energy level The excited electron is from the protein - chlorophyll complex, and is passed on to another molecule Light Dependent Reactions Thlakoid / Grana Chloroplasts Calvin Cycle (Dark Reactions) Stroma Electron Carrier NADPH Molecule that can capture high energy electrons and transfer them to other molecules NADP+ + 2e + H+ ---> NADPH Calvin Cycle
