Download PHYSICAL GEOLOGY TODAY

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY TODAY
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PART I: THE SOLID EARTH
Chapter 1
Foundations of Modern Geology
1.1 Geology and the Scientific Method
1.2 The Birth of Geology
1.3 Geologic Time
1.4 Earth Materials: Minerals, Rocks, and Fossils
1.5 The Rock Cycle
1.6 Origin of Earth and the Solar System
1.7 Earth’s Internal Heat
1.8 Earth as a System
1.9 What Does a Geologist Do?
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
SCIENCE REFRESHER: Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry and Physics
IN DEPTH: Origin of the Universe – The Big Bang Theory
LIVING ON EARTH: Earth’s Seasons – A 4.5-Billion-Year Legacy?
SCIENCE REFRESHER: The Flow of Heat
Chapter 2
Plate Tectonics
2.1 Continental Drift
2.2 Paleomagnetism
2.3 Seafloor Spreading
2.4 Subduction
2.5 Moving Plates and Plate Boundaries
2.6 Hotspots: A Plate Tectonic Enigma
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
Living on Earth: The Remarkable Journey of the Green Turtle
In Depth: Failed Rifts
CHAPTER 3
Minerals
3.1 Elements: Building Blocks of Minerals
3.2 Minerals: Orderly Expressions of Matter
3.3 Physical Properties of Minerals
3.4 Silicate Rock-Forming Minerals
3.5 Nonsilicate Rock-Forming Minerals
3.6 Minerals and Rocks
3.7 Minerals and People
3.8 Minerals and Plate Tectonics
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
Living on Earth: Origin of the Chemical Elements
Science Refresher: Some Basic Definitions in Science
Science Refresher: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Chapter 4
Origin and Evolution of Igneous Rocks
4.1. Igneous Rocks and the Rock Cycle
4.2. Magma Formation and Transport
4.3 Textures of Igneous Rocks
4.4 Classifying Igneous Rocks
4.5 Evolution of Igneous Rocks
4.6 Volcanic Eruptions
4.7 Igneous Rocks and Plate Tectonics
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
Science Refresher: Heat, Temperature, and Magma
Living on Earth: Volcanoes and the Air We Breathe
In Depth: Can Explosive Eruptions Be Predicted?
CHAPTER 5
Weathering and Soils
5.1 Weathering
5.2 Mechanical Weathering
5.3 Chemical Weathering
5.4 Soils
5.5. Weathering, Soils, and Plate Tectonics
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
Science Refresher: What Is an Acid?
In Depth: The Role of Oxidation in Earth’s History
Living on Earth: The Food Chain
CHAPTER 6
Sedimentation and Sedimentary Rocks
6.1 From Sediment to Sedimentary Rock
6.2 Types of Sedimentary Rocks
6.3 Classifying Sedimentary Rocks
6.4 Interpreting Sedimentary Rocks
6.5 Depositional Environments and Sedimentary Facies
6.6 Sediments, Sedimentary Rocks, and Plate Tectonics
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
LIVING ON EARTH: Salt of the Earth
LIVING ON EARTH: King Coal
SCIENCE REFRESHER: Settling Velocities
CHAPTER 7
Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks
7.1 Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle
7.2 Factors That Control Metamorphism
7.3 Types of Metamorphism
7.4 Metamorphic Textures
7.5 Classifying Metamorphic Rocks
7.6 Metamorphic Zones and Facies
7.7 Metamorphism and Plate Tectonics
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
SCIENCE REFRESHER: Pressure Units
IN DEPTH: Shock Metamorphism
IN DEPTH: Metamorphism and the Rock Cycle
PART II: EVOLUTION OF THE SOLID EARTH
Chapter 8
Geologic Time
8.1 Measuring Geologic Time: Relative and Absolute Ages
8.2 A Short History of Geologic Time
8.3 Relative Dating: Determining Chronological Order
8.4 Correlating Rock Strata
8.5 Relative Dating and the Geologic Time Scale
8.6 Absolute Dating: Finding a Geologic Clock
8.7 Absolute Dating and the Geologic Time Scale
8.8 A Sense of Time
8.9 Geologic Time and Plate Tectonics
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
LIVING ON EARTH: Radioactivity and Radon Gas
SCIENCE REFRESHER: Types of Radioactive Decay
SCIENCE REFRESHER: Linear versus Exponential Relationships
IN DEPTH: The Quest for the Age of Earth
Chapter 9
Plates and Plate Boundaries
9.1 Plates on Earth’s Surface
9.2 Plates and Isostasy
9.3 Plate Boundaries
9.4 Divergent Boundaries: Creating Oceans
9.5 Convergent Boundaries: Recycling Crust and Building Continents
9.6 Transform Boundaries: Fracturing the Crust
9.7 Hotspots: Tracking Plate Movements
9.8 Plate Tectonics and Plate-Driving Mechanisms
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
Living on Earth: The Bizarre World of the Mid-Ocean Ridges
Living on Earth: Tsunami
In Depth: Ophiolites—Clues to the Structure of Oceanic Crust
Chapter 10
Deformation and Mountain Building
10.1 Deformation
10.2 Orientation of Geologic Structures
10.3 Fractures
10.4 Folds
10.5 Unconformities Revisited
10.6 Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building
10.7 Mountain Building in the Geologic Past
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
In Depth: Partial Melting and the Making of Continental Crust – Nature’s Ultimate Recycling
Program
Living on Earth: In the Shadow of the Himalayas
Chapter 11
Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior
11.1 Heat and Density: Clues to Earth’s Interior
11.2 Earthquakes and Elastic Rebound
11.3 Seismic Waves
11.4 Journey to the Center of the Earth
11.5 Earth’s Structure and Composition
11.6 Circulation in Earth’s Interior
11.7 Plate Tectonics and the Fate of Subducted Slabs
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
LIVING ON EARTH: Predicting Earthquakes – Some Lessons from California
SCIENCE REFRESHER: Density, Volume, and Seismic Velocity
SCIENCE REFRESHER: Wave Refraction
IN DEPTH: Earth’s Magnetism and Its Dynamic Core
PART III: SCULPTING THE SOLID EARTH
Chapter 12
Mass Wasting
12.1 Mass Wasting: Downslope Movement
12.2 Factors That Influence Mass Wasting
12.3 Mass Wasting Mechanisms
12.4 Minimizing Mass Wasting Hazards
12.5 Mass Wasting and Plate Tectonics
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
SCIENCE REFRESHER: Surface Tension, Sand Castles, and the Goldilocks Solution
IN DEPTH: Mass Wasting on the Moon and Mars
LIVING ON EARTH: The Oso Landslide, Washington State
Chapter 13
Running Water
13.1 Running Water and the Hydrologic Cycle
13.2 Streamflow
13.3 Stream Erosion
13.4 Stream Transport
13. 5 Stream Deposition
13.6 Floods and Flood Prevention
13.7 Running Water and Plate Tectonics
13.8 Running Water on Other Worlds
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
LIVING ON EARTH: The Death of the Aral Sea – An Environmental Disaster
IN DEPTH: Dams and the Human Exploitation of Surface Water
CHAPTER 14
Groundwater
14.1 Groundwater: A Vital Resource
14.2 The Water Table
14.3 Aquifers and Groundwater Flow
14.4 The Dissolving Power of Groundwater
14.5 Exploitation of Groundwater
14.6 Groundwater and Plate Tectonics
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
SCIENCE REFRESHER: Water Pressure at Depth
LIVING ON EARTH: The Historical Importance of Aquifers
LIVING ON EARTH: Water in the Sahara Desert
IN DEPTH: Exploring for Groundwater
CHAPTER 15
Glaciers and Glaciation
15.1 Glaciers and Glacier Ice
15.2 Glacial Erosion
15.3 Glacial Deposition
15.4 The Pleistocene Ice Age
15.5 Plate Tectonics and Glaciation
15.6 Ice on Other Worlds
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
Science Refresher: Air Temperature in the Lower Atmosphere
Living on Earth: The Origin of the Great Lakes
In Depth: Lake Missoula and the Channeled Scablands
CHAPTER 16
Deserts and Winds
16.1 The Origins of Deserts
16.2 Weathering and Erosion in Deserts
16.3 Wind in Deserts
16.4 Desertification: Natural and Human Induced
16.5 Deserts and Plate Tectonics
16.6 Deserts on Mars
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
SCIENCE REFRESHER: Ocean Currents and the Coriolis Effect
IN DEPTH: Dust Devils
LIVING ON EARTH: The Dust Bowl
CHAPTER 17
Coastlines and Coastal Processes
17.1 Coastal Processes
17.2 Wind-Driven Waves
17.3 Tides
17.4 Coastal Erosion
17.5 Coastal Deposition
17.6 Coastlines
17.7 Coastal Management
17.8 Coastlines and Plate Tectonics
Key Concepts
Key Terms
Study Questions
SCIENCE REFRESHER: Wave Terminology
LIVING ON EARTH: Sea Level and Polar Ice
LIVING ON EARTH: Hurricanes and Storm Surges
IN DEPTH: Sea Level and Plate Tectonics
PART IV: EARTH’S RESOURCES
CHAPTER 18
Mineral Deposits and Industrial Materials
18.1 Consumption of Minerals and Industrial Materials
18.2 Metals and Metallic Minerals
18.3 Nonmetallic Minerals and Industrial Materials
18.4 Formation of Mineral Deposits
18.5 Plate Tectonics and Mineral Deposits
18.6 Mineral Exploration
18.7 Future Demands on Mineral Resources
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
IN DEPTH: Mechanisms of Mineral Concentration
LIVING ON EARTH: The Environmental Impact of Mining
CHAPTER 19
Energy Resources
19.1 Energy Use
19.2 Petroleum - Oil and Natural Gas
19.3 Coal
19.4 Nuclear Power
19.5 Renewable Energy
19.6 Plate Tectonics and Energy Resources
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
IN DEPTH: Correlation and the Search for Oil and Gas
LIVING ON EARTH: The Dilemma of Fracking
IN DEPTH: Is Ice That Burns the Fuel of the Future?
PART V: EARTH AND BEYOND
CHAPTER 20
Physical Geology and Climate Change
20.1
Taking Earth’s Pulse
20.2
The Greenhouse Effect: A Matter of Balance
20.3
The Carbon Cycle
20.4
Climate Change: A Geologic Perspective
20.5
Earth-Sun Geometry
20.6
Feedback Systems
20.7
Plate Tectonics and Climate Change
20.8
Putting It all Together: The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warmth
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
LIVING ON EARTH: Camels in the Arctic!
SCIENCE REFRESHER: The Physics of Global Warming
IN DEPTH: Melting of the Arctic Ice: An Omen of Global Warming?
Chapter 21
The Planets
21.1 Earth and its Moon
21.2 The Terrestrial Planets and Their Moons
21.3 Plate Tectonics: A Planetary Perspective
21.4 The Jovian Planets, Their Moons, and the Kuiper Belt
21.5 Asteroids, Meteors, Meteorites, and Comets
21.6 Exoplanets and Other Solar Systems
Key Terms
Key Concepts
Study Questions
Science Refresher: Center of Mass
In Depth: Martian Life on Earth?
Living on Earth: Visits from the Celestial Junkyard