Download Chapter 21- Toward Empire

Chapter 21:
Toward Empire
AP United States History
Week of April 4, 2016
America Looks Outward
American expansion of the 1890s was different; land wasn't sought for settlement but rather for naval
bases, trading outposts, or commercial centers — essentially, as colonies
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The story of the 19th century was isolationism
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US followed Monroe Doctrine, and was impregnable to foreign attack
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Telegraphs, telephones, undersea cables led to sense of internationalism
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Gradually, attention shifted outwards
Reasons for imperialism:
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Economic: new markets abroad, as domestic markets could not contain production
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Social and intellectual: biological concepts seemed to call for triumph of the fit, elimination of
unfit
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Primitive peoples needed supervision and protection
Political: worldwide scramble for empire, as Germany, Great Britain and France took colonies
around the world
Foreign Policy, 1867-1900
American foreign policy of the last third of the 19th century was fragmented. In regards to Europe, it was avoiding
entanglements. Trade and Pan-American unity characterized relations in the western hemisphere, while the US
coveted territories in Asia
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Secretaries of State…
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William Seward (1861-69) pushed aggressive foreign policy
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Hamilton Fish negotiated Treaty of Washington
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Treaty settled demands that US wanted Britain to pay for damaged Union ships
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Promoted independence of Cuba
James G. Blaine, Frederick Frelinghuysen pushed for Caribbean markets for American goods
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1867: purchased Alaska, annexed Midway Islands
Negotiated treaties to bind countries to American interests
Richard Olney negotiated treaty of arbitration with Great Britain over a border dispute between British
Guiana and Venezuela
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Affirmed United States as the dominant power in the western hemisphere
Foreign Policy, 1867-1900, Part II: Hawaii and
Samoa
The US viewed Hawaii as a way station to the Asian markets
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After Civil War, US tightened connections to Hawaii
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Reciprocity agreement effectively made islands a US protectorate
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1887: US was granted exclusive use of Pearl Harbor
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Queen Liliuokalani granted power to native Hawaiians
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US responded by “invading” and annexing Hawaii in 1893
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Senate did not ratify treaty, Queen declared Republic of Hawaii
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McKinley finally annexed Hawaii in 1898
US also gained Pago Pago harbor in Samoa in 1899
United States Possessions, 1857-1917
Foreign Policy, 1867-1900, Part III: The Great
White Fleet
The US viewed Hawaii as a way station to the Asian markets
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After Civil War, US tightened connections to Hawaii
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Reciprocity agreement effectively made islands a US protectorate
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1887: US was granted exclusive use of Pearl Harbor
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Queen Liliuokalani granted power to native Hawaiians
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US responded by “invading” and annexing Hawaii in 1893
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Senate did not ratify treaty, Queen declared Republic of Hawaii
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McKinley finally annexed Hawaii in 1898
US also gained Pago Pago harbor in Samoa in 1899
Foreign Policy, 1867-1900,
Part III: The Great White Fleet
By 1880, the United States Navy had
fallen into rapid decline
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Naval officers with business interests
convinced Congress to build new naval
ships to protect international trade
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Capt. Alfred T. Mahan: The Influence of
Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 –
the US needed a powerful navy to
protect overseas interests
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Civil War-era ships were old and in
disrepair
Congress established Naval
Advisory Board in 1881, passed
Naval Act of 1890
By 1900, the United States had one of
the most powerful navies in the world
Spanish-American War: Cuban Rebellion, Yellow
Journalism
War with Spain in 1898 built a mood of national confidence and reshaped how the US saw itself with the
rest of the world. The US emerged from the war as the dominant force in the 20th century
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Cuba was a Spanish possession in the 1800s, but had resisted Spanish rule
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Amidst a collapsing economy, Cubans rebelled against Spain and Weyler’s policy of reconcentration
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Cuban journalist José Martí urged the US to intervene
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Yellow journalism: Hearst and Pulitzer sensationalised stories of Weyler and reconcentration
camps
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Presidents Cleveland and McKinley both opposed war and annexation of Cuba
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Cuban guerillas destroyed American sugar mills and plantations in Cuba
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McKinley sent USS Maine into Havana’s harbour following eruption of riots
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Enrique Dupuy de Lôme and the de Lôme Letter (February 9, 1898): "...McKinley is weak and catering
to the rabble and, besides, a low politician who desires to leave a door open to himself and to stand well
with the jingos of his party”
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Explosion of the USS Maine (February 15, 1898) led to American public blaming Spain
Spanish-American War, Part II
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McKinley asked Spain to declare an armistice and end reconcentration policy
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April 19: US declared Cuba independent
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April 21: Spain severed diplomatic relations; US blockaded Cuba
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Teller Amendment: US had no interest in annexing Cuba
By August, Spanish-American War was over
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There was much segregation in the ranks of soldiers invading Cuba
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Commodore George Dewey defeated Spanish fleet at Manila Bay (Philippines)
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June: Marines seized Guantánamo Bay, and then Santiago
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August 13: Spain surrendered Manila
Treaty of Paris: Cuba’s independence; Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam granted to US
and become unincorporated territories
Spanish-American War, Part III: Treaty of Paris
Debate
What was the role of racism in American foreign policy of the late 1800s and early 1900s?
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McKinley, on the Filipinos: “There was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to
educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them”
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American anti-imperialists argued against annexation
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Labour leaders feared importation of cheap labour from Pacific
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Violated American founding principles of self-determination
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Carnegie: keeping Philippines would divert attention from industrial development
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Booker T. Washington: US had domestic issues to worry about, such as treatment of
Native Americans and Blacks
Imperialism opponents formed Anti-Imperialist League
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Treaty of Paris finally ratified, pressured by news of fighting between Filipinos and
Americans
War in the Philippines
The Philippine-American War lasted from
1898-1902, and resulted in the death of 4,300
Americans and roughly 50,000-200,000 Filipinos
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Emilio Aguinaldo felt American victory would grant
independence
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Cooperated with Americans
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When McKinley concluded Filipinos were not
ready, warfare broke out
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Filipinos adopted guerilla tactics
McKinley won 1900 election, and sent
Philippine Commission to islands
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July 4, 1901: authority transferred to Taft;
new government administered reforms
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Independence came July 4, 1946
Philippine-American War: Filipino soldiers outside Manila, American
troops in 1899, Aguinaldo aboard USS Vicksburg after capture
The New US Empire
How would the US govern the Hawaii,
Alaska, Guam, and Puerto Rico
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Supreme Court: Constitution did not
automatically and immediately apply to
people of annexed territories
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Congress granted Hawaii (1900) and
Alaska (1912) territory status
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Puerto Rico accepted SpanishAmerican War outcome
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Foraker Act (1900) established
civil government
Cuba: Platt Amendment (1901)
Cuba may not make treaties that
impair its independence
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Also: leased Guantánamo Bay to
the US
Open Door Policy
Beginning in 1898, China was increasing unable
to resist foreign influence. The US pushed for a
China policy that was more open than spheres
of influence
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Japan, England, France, Germany and Russia
wanted concessions
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Nations would be granted exclusive rights
to develop particular areas
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McKinley wanted Open Door Policy
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Nations would respect rights, privileges
of other nations in sphere
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China would collect duties in all
spheres
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Nations would not discriminate against
other nations in levying duties within
sphere
US, Britain, Germany ended nationalist
Boxer Rebellion (1900)