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OUTLINE FOR FINAL Meteo 3 Petters The large majority of questions on this test will focus on concepts emphasized in lecture and reinforced in your lab assignments AFTER the past test…you will need to know material covered in the first test as it pertains to the material on this outline. For example, knowing about stability profiles conducive for severe thunderstorm formation (which we discussed after the last test) requires you to know about stability (which we discussed before the second test). However, EVERYTHING we’ve covered is fair game. I will expect that you know how to do conversions within the metric system (kilometers to meters, minutes to seconds, etc). DO NOT SPEND TIME REMEMBERING ALGEBRAIC FORMULAS or CONSTANTS and MORE OBCURE CONVERSIONS (how many furlongs are in a mile). You will always have books and the internet for this information. Chapter 9 – Thunderstorms (HW on this now, more emphasized than previous test) • • • • • • • • Tropopause; relation of tropopause, stability and the development of overshooting tops and ‘anvil cloud’ in thunderstorms Role of thunderstorms in transport of energy, water and electricity Hazards of thunderstorms What lightning is, why it occurs Lightning safety What thunder is, why it occurs Mechanisms for thunderstorm formation Air mass thunderstorm life-cycle (in terms of updrafts/downdrafts) Chapter 11 – Hurricanes • • • • • • • • • Where tropical cyclones form and what’s necessary for them to form Positive feedback loop for tropical cyclones to intensify Classification of tropical cyclones (TD, TS, HC) Wind speed and wind direction in locales in a hurricane Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity Centrifugal force and its role in eyewall formation Hazards in a hurricane (e.g. storm surge, winds, tornadoes) What causes tropical cyclones to weaken and die out Tropical Storm/Hurricane watches/warnings Chapter 12/13 – Mid-latitude Cyclones • • Relationship of strengthening of high and low pressure centers to convergence and divergence Advection and vorticity • • • • • Relationship between location in an upper-level wave and convergence/divergence Origin and evolution of a mid-latitude cyclone (relationship with upper-level divergence and warm air advection) Conveyer belts as movers of air in a mid-latitude cyclone Location of fronts in these systems, weather anticipated in different regions due to these fronts (think back to Chapter 3) What can lead to the comma shape of these storms Chapter 14 – Severe Weather • • • • • Ingredients for severe weather Role of vertical wind shear in severe thunderstorm development Capping inversions, relationship to vertical profile of air masses and lapse rates Squall lines, derechos Severe thunderstorm/tornado watches warnings Chapter 15 – Tornadoes • • • • • • • Typical large-scale set-up for tornado outbreaks (where air masses come from to give vertical profiles of air masses for severe weather) Why mesocylcones rotate Areas where and times when tornadoes are frequent in the US Steps of tornado formation (good depictions of these steps in Grenci/Nese text) Direction of rotation and force balance in tornadoes Fujita scale of tornado intensity Tornado safety (not the joke part) Chapter 16 – Winter Weather • • • • • Different forms of winter weather precipitation, difference in vertical temperature profiles to see them Forecasting winter precipitation type (1000-500mb thickness, 850mb temp) Lake Effect snow (simple description) Nor’easters Wind Chill