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Animal body plans II Choanoflagellates Fungi Porifera (Sponges) Animalia multicellularity Ctenophora Major animal phyla Cnidaria Acoels diploblasty LOPHOTROCHOZOAN Rotifera Loss of coelom Platyhelminthes Segmentation triploblasty Annelida Protostome development Mollusca PROTOSTOMES BILATERA ECDYSOZOA Nematoda Cephalization, CNS, coelom Segmentation Arthropoda DEUTEROSTOMES Echinodermata Radial symmetry (adults) Deuterostome development Freeman 2014 Chordata Segmentation DEUTEROSTOMES Three tissue layers • Acoels • • • • • • No coelom Bilaterally symmetric Simple digestive tract (no gut, no specialized digestive cells) Sac body plan Cilia cover body Asexual and hermaphroditic Symsagittifera roscoffensis The protostomes Porifera Ctenophora ANIMALS Cnidaria Acoela LOPHOTROCHOZOA Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca ECDYSOZOA Nematoda Tardigrada Coelom Onychophora Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata PROTOSTOMES Protostome development Water-to-Land Transition LOPHOTROCHOZOA Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca All aquatic ECDYSOZOA Nematoda Some terrestrial All terrestrial Tardigrada Onychophora Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata Protostomes - Lophotrochozoa (a) Lophophores function in suspension feeding in adults. (b) Trochophore larvae swim and may feed. Food particles Water current Mouth (in the center of the ring of ciliated tentacles) Gut Anus Mouth Anus 0.1 mm Cilia used in locomotion and feeding 0.1 mm (a) Mouthparts for suspension feeding (b) Mouthparts for deposit feeding (c) Mouthparts for mass feeding Eversible proboscis with sharp fangs impales prey Feathery mouthparts capture plankton Long, sticky tentacles reach across substrate and deliver organic particles to mouth (worm body remains hidden) Porifera Rotifera Ctenophora MALS Cnidaria Acoela LOPHOTROCHOZOA Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca ECDYSOZOA Nematoda PROTOSTOMES Protostome development • • • • Bilateral symmetry Three germ layers pseudocoelomate digestive tract with 2 openings Tardigrada Coelom Onychophora Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata 8 Porifera Platyhelminthes Ctenophora MALS Cnidaria Acoela LOPHOTROCHOZOA Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca ECDYSOZOA Nematoda Tardigrada Coelom Onychophora PROTOSTOMES Protostome development • Bilateral symmetry • Three true tissue layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm) • acoelomate • sac body plan Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata 9 Planarian Nervous System branching gut pharynx (protruded) 10 Digestive system Reproductive System Porifera Annelida Ctenophora MALS Cnidaria Acoela LOPHOTROCHOZOA Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca ECDYSOZOA Nematoda Tardigrada Coelom Onychophora Arthropoda PROTOSTOMES Protostome development • Bilateral symmetry • Three germ layers • coelomate • complex digestive tract with 2 openings • Segmentation Echinodermata Chordata 11 Annelids: Segments Galore • Segments have bristles (chaetae or setae) • Oligochaetes (few bristles) • Polychaetes (many bristles) • Leeches (none) 12 Annelids use their chaetae for burrowing • Midbody, transverse section of earthworm longitudinal muscles dorsal blood circular vessel muscles coelom seta (retracted) ventral blood vessel nerve cord nephridium Hydrostatic skeleton 13 cuticle Clitellum Porifera Mollusca Ctenophora MALS Cnidaria Acoela LOPHOTROCHOZOA Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca ECDYSOZOA Nematoda Tardigrada Coelom Onychophora PROTOSTOMES Protostome development • Bilateral symmetry • Three germ layers • coelomate • complex digestive tract with 2 openings Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata 14 Common Molluscan themes • muscular foot and a mantle • shell which encloses the visceral mass • A true coelom, reduced, limited to region around the heart • Circulatory system • Radula 15 Diverse Molluscan Body Plans • A bivalve 16 Molluscan locomotion 17 Figure 34.8 Stripes are waves of muscle contraction Diverse Molluscan Body Plans: Cephalopods • Squid – supreme predators 19 Diverse Molluscan Body Plans: Gastropods • A gastropod – a “mistake” in evolutionary experimentation? Torsion of viscera BEFORE TORSION mouth AFTER TORSION mouth anus anus, which discharges into mantle cavity 21 Diverse molluscs: gastropods 22 Protostomes - Ecdysozoa (a) Lophotrochozoans grow incrementally. b) Ecdysozoans grow by molting. Cuticles or exoskeletons Growth bands Porifera Nematoda Ctenophora MALS Cnidaria Acoela LOPHOTROCHOZOA Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca ECDYSOZOA Nematoda PROTOSTOMES Protostome development • • • • Bilateral symmetry Three germ layers pseudocoelomate digestive tract with 2 openings Tardigrada Coelom Onychophora Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata 24 Roundworms thrive in nearly all environments • Cylindrical body • Cuticle • Complete digestive system • Male and female piercing device (retracted) ring of nerves mouth pharynx intestine psuedocoelom cuticle over epithelial tissue and muscle cells pore (sperm enter and eggs are released through this one) anus ovary (eggs develop here) 25 Roundworm locomotion Porifera Tradigrada Ctenophora MALS Cnidaria Acoela Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca ECDYSOZOA Nematoda PROTOSTOMES Protostome development Bilateral symmetry Three germ layers coelomate complex digestive tract with 2 openings • segmentation • • • • LOPHOTROCHOZOA Tardigrada Coelom Onychophora Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata 27 Tardigrada Porifera Onychophora Ctenophora MALS Cnidaria • • • • Acoela LOPHOTROCHOZOA Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca ECDYSOZOA Nematoda Tardigrada Coelom PROTOSTOMES Protostome development • • • Bilateral symmetry Three germ layers coelomate complex digestive tract with 2 openings Segmented Stub feet Velvet worms Onychophora Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata 29 Porifera Arthropoda Ctenophora MALS Cnidaria Acoela Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca ECDYSOZOA Nematoda Tardigrada Coelom PROTOSTOMES Protostome development Bilateral symmetry Three germ layers coelomate complex digestive tract with 2 openings • Segmentation • exoskeletons • • • • LOPHOTROCHOZOA Onychophora Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata 30 Arthropods – most successful organisms (Other than prokaryotes) • Over one million species Major lineages: Trilobites (extinct) Chelicerates Uniramians Crustaceans 31 Adaptations of Arthropods • Hardened exoskeleton • Jointed appendages • Fused and modified segments • Head, Thorax, Abdomen 32 Adaptations of Arthropods • Specialized respiratory structures • Gills or tracheas • Efficient nervous system and sensory organs • Eyes - vision • Divisions of labor in the life cycle • Metamorphosis • Growth • Molting 33 A Look at Crustaceans • Vast majority are marine • Lobsters, crabs, shrimps • Copepods • • Less than 2mm long Barnacles • Calcified shell 34 Crustaceans 35 Barnacle biology Uniramians • Include insects, millipedes, and centipedes. • Head and thorax limbs one branch • Paired head appendages • Tracheae • Metamorphosis 37 Chelicerates • Include terrestrial spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, horseshoe crabs and sea spiders. • • First pair of appendages (chelicerae) are feeding organs. Second pair of appendages (pedipalps) function in feeding or sensory. • • All appendages attached to cephalothorax. No appendages on heads. 38 Porifera Ctenophora ANIMALS Cnidaria Acoela PROTOSTOMES Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Nematoda Tardigrada Onychophora Arthropoda DEUTEROSTOMES Echinodermata Hemichordata Xenoturbellida Deuterostome development Chordata (includes vertebrates) Deuterostomes Porifera Ctenophora ANIMALS Echinodermata Cnidaria Acoela PROTOSTOMES Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Nematoda Tardigrada Onychophora • • • • Symmetry?! Three germ layers Coelomate digestive tract with 2 openings Arthropoda DEUTEROSTOMES Echinodermata Hemichordata Xenoturbellida Deuterostome development Chordata (includes vertebrates) 40 The Puzzling Echinoderms • Anus Spines Why puzzling? • bilateral larvae (usually) • radially symmetrical adults Tube feet Stomach TUBE FEET CANALS 41 Echinoderm diversity 42 Porifera Chordates Ctenophora ANIMALS Cnidaria Acoela PROTOSTOMES Rotifera Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Nematoda Tardigrada Onychophora • • • • Symmetry?! Three germ layers Coelomate digestive tract with 2 openings Arthropoda DEUTEROSTOMES Echinodermata Hemichordata Xenoturbellida Deuterostome development Chordata (includes vertebrates) 43 Features of Chordates • A notochord • A tubular dorsal nerve chord • Embryos have distinctive silts in wall of pharynx, a muscularized tube • A tail forms in embryos and extends past anus mammals birds ancestral chordate reptiles amphibians bony fishes cartilaginous fishes jawless fishes tunicates no vertebrae 45 lancelets Invertebrate Chordates Subphylum: tunicates a. Larval form nerve cord notochord intestine b. Larval metamorphosis oral opening atrial opening (exit of water) pharynx with gill slits 46 Subphylum: lancelets DORSAL, TUBULAR NERVE CORD NOTOCHORD tentacles around mouth PHARYNX WITH GILL SLITS segmented midgut muscles • Unlike Tunicates, have a closed circulatory system, • but not red blood cells 47 •Filter feeders aorta gonad hindgut TAIL EXTENDING PAST ANUS anus epidermis pore of atrial cavity mammals vertebrae birds reptiles amphibians bony fishes cartilaginous fishes jawless fishes tunicates lancelets 48 Subphylum: Vertebrae Vertebrate developments • Living Endoskeleton • includes a skull • backbone is composed of vertebrae • Paired limbs • High degree of cephalization • Efficient respiration & excretion • Closed circulatory system Backbone 49 Vertebrate developments supporting structures • Most vertebrates have Jaws Early jawless fish (an Agnathan) gill slit Early jawed fish (a Placoderm) spiracle (small gill slit) Modern jawed fish (a shark) 50 jaw jaw support jaw
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