Download SNC2D Optics Review

SNC2D Optics Review
Chapter 10
Light (electromagnetic wave) is a type of energy source that moves
through space like a wave.
All light comes from an “excited atom” releasing energy. Light is the visible form of electromagnetic waves and is part of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
Incandescence: light emitted from a material at a high temperature.
Luminescence: the emission of light by a material that has not been heated. Examples of luminescence include
chemiluminescence (light that is produced by a chemical reaction), fluorescence (light emitted after
exposure to UV light) and electric discharge (energetic electrons collide with gas particles in a sealed
glass tube).
Reflection is the change in direction of light when it bounces off a surface.
The law of reflection states then when light reflects off a plane mirror the
angle of reflection will always
equal the angle of incidence.
Plane mirrors form images that
are identical to the object, but backwards.
A concave mirror’s reflecting surface curves inward and a convex mirror’s
reflecting surface curves outward. The focus is always half the distance
between the center of curvature and the mirror surface.
Concave Mirror
Convex Mirror
If an incident ray travels parallel to
the principal axis the reflected ray
will go through the focal point (F). If
an incident ray travels through the
focal point, the reflected ray will be
parallel to the principal axis (PA).
When drawing ray diagrams, the
image will appear where the
reflected rays intersect.
The centre of curvature (C) is exactly twice the focal length. And the vertex (V) is where the mirror meets the principal
axis.
The four characteristics of an image are Location (quantitative), Orientation (erect or inverted), Size (quantitative) and
Type (real or virtual). (Remember LOST).
Mirror and Lens Equation(s):
OR
Magnification Equation:
If di is negative the image is behind the mirror and the image is virtual. If h i is negative the image is inverted. F
is negative for the convex mirror.
Concave Mirror Examples/Applications
Make-up/shaving mirror
Solar oven
Satellite Dishes and Radar Technology
concave mirror telescope
Convex Mirror Examples/Applications
Bus and car Mirrors
Security Checkpoint Mirrors
Store Security Mirrors
Chapter 11
Refraction is the bending of light as it travels from one medium to another.
Light bends towards the normal if the second medium is more dense (slower).
Light bends away from the normal if the second medium is less dense (faster).
The index of refraction (n) is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum (c) to the
speed of light in a given medium (v). The following triangle will be on your test
as a helpful reminder when calculating required values.
Dispersion is the process of separating colours by refraction.
c
n
v
Partial reflection and refraction occurs when an incidence ray strikes a new medium and some
of the light rays are reflected and some of the light rays are refracted. Examples: light
reflecting and refracting off of surface of the water, rear-view mirrors
The amount of reflection depends on
1. The type of medium
2. The angle of incidence, the large the angle the more reflection.
Total internal reflection occurs when incidence ray is complete reflected back from a
boundary of two medium. Examples: Fiber Optics, retroreflectors
Optical Phenomena in nature include rainbows (see diagram),
sundogs, apparent depth, shimmering and mirages. You
should be able to briefly describe each.
Chapter 12
A lens is a transparent object with at least one curved side that causes light to refract.
A converging lens has convex shape and brings parallel rays towards a common point.
A diverging lens has a concave shape and spreads light away from a common point.
Both lenses are drawn with two focal points, one behind and one in front, that are an equal
distance from the axis of symmetry. The distance of the focal point depends on the lens
material and curvature.
Lens ray diagrams are similar to mirror ray diagrams, except the image will appear where
the refracted rays cross
Applications include telescopes, binoculars,
microscopes, and the human eye. Be prepared to
explain at least one in detail.
Know what chromatic and spherical aberrations are.