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Population Distribution & Environmental Issues Desalination ´ Water Pollution ´ ´ Water Supply « Very limited in Middle East « Many countries must use desalination to get drinking water ² « Process of removing salt from salt water to make it okay for drinking and farming Few rivers in the area Tigris, Euphrates and Nile rivers ² Used for drinking water and generate power ² ¹ If you don’t have a river in your region, you must find alternate methods for drinking water and power. ´ Rights to Water Supply « Disputes over rights to water supply and other natural resources in the region ² Water ¹ rights Agreements about how countries can use the water in a region. « Israel, Jordan and Palestinians ² Rely on the same scare water supply on the West Bank ¹ Israel has the most power – so they have the ability to claim more water. ° ¹ What happens if they build a dam? Recycle the water so many people have access to water without a major shortage ´ Water Pollution « Port cities ² Ports make it easier to ship things ² Water is often polluted by the shipping industry « Oil is the main export ² Oil spills are one of the main causes for water pollution in the Persian Gulf ´ How does a limited supply of water affect how nations treat each other? ´ Does the Middle East suffer from a small amount of water supply, unequal distribution of water, or both? Why??? ´ How has water rights caused conflict in the Middle East? ´ World’s largest source of oil - Persian Gulf « Pollution issues – air and water ² Damage to refineries during war ² Not repairing damages ² Pollution was a strategy used during war Dumped oil into Persian Gulf ¹ Burned oil wells to prevent USA from gaining control ¹ « Lack of water supply makes the pollution issue even bigger. ´ How does oil distribution impact the development of countries with and without oil? « Standard of Living - GDP « Literacy Rate ´ If a country does not have oil fields, what type of economy do they have? ´ If a country is poor, what type of literacy rate do they have? Why??? ´ How do rivers and deserts impact where people live, where they work and how they travel? « People settle around the limited fresh water supply. ² Civilizations concentrate around fertile soil. ¹ ² Crops are grown within these areas. ¹ « People aren’t going to settle in a hot desert . . . . Why? Subsistence Farming – Grow enough only for their families. Most people within the Middle East are nomads (wander) within the desert regions. ´ Most economies were once based on farming ´ Discovery oil – main source of income « Governments with large oil deposits stopped investing in other parts of their economies. « Countries without oil are poorer. ´ How do deserts and rivers impact transportation in the Middle East? « Rivers provide transportation routes ² Remember « Deserts . . . There are few rivers in the region. and mountains are transportation barriers ² Difficult to produce and transport goods. ´ How has the development of the oil industry in the Middle East impacted other industries within those countries?