Download Chapter 6: Learning Classical Conditioning

Chapter 6: Learning
Classical Conditioning
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Ivan Pavlov
Terminology
– Unconditioned
Stimulus (UCS)
– Conditioned
Stimulus (CS)
– Unconditioned
Response (UCR)
– Conditioned
Response (CR)
Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning
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Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
Higher-order conditioning
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner (1953) – principle of reinforcement
– “Skinner box”
– Emission of response
– Reinforcement
contingencies
– Cumulative recorder
Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning
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Acquisition
Shaping
Extinction
Stimulus Control
– Generalization
– Discrimination
Reinforcement:
Consequences that Strengthen Responses
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Primary Reinforcers
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Secondary Reinforcers
– Satisfy biological needs
– Conditioned reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
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Continuous reinforcement
Intermittent (partial)
reinforcement
– Ratio schedules
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Fixed
Variable
– Interval schedules
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Fixed
Variable
Consequences:
Reinforcement and Punishment
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Increasing a response:
– Positive reinforcement = response followed by
rewarding stimulus
– Negative reinforcement = response followed
by removal of an aversive stimulus
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Escape learning
Avoidance learning
Decreasing a response:
– Punishment
– Problems with punishment
Changing Directions in the Study
of Conditioning
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Biological Constraints on Conditioning
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Cognitive Influences on Conditioning
– Instinctive Drift
– Conditioned Taste Aversion
– Arbitrary vs. ecological conditioned stimuli
– Latent learning
– Signal relations
– Response-outcome relations
Observational Learning
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Albert Bandura
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Basic processes
– Observational learning
– attention
– retention
– reproduction
– motivation