Download Macromolecules Cellulose

Figure 5.2
1
Macromolecules
make by
taking water
away
–  Dehydration synthesis
•  Carbohydrates
•  Lipids
•  Proteins
–  Amino Acids
–  Kinds of R groups
–  4 Levels of protein structure
•  Nucleic Acids
Monosaccharides vary in Length and
Geometry
Pentose sugars
(C5H10O5)
C
Aldoses
O
H
C
C
OH
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
HO
C
H
C
OH
H
C
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
HO
C
H
OH
HO
C
H
C
OH
C
OH
H
H
Glucose
Galactose
H
H
C OH
C
C
H
C OH
HO
H
H
C OH
H
C OH
H
H
H
H
3
O
C OH
C OH
C OH
Fructose
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
OH H
H
2
5 and 6 Carbon Sugars CIRCULARIZE in Water
To FORM RINGS
Simple sugars can be coupled together by
Dehydration Synthesis
= Maltose
4
H
Figure 5.3
Glucose + GlucoseHO
3
C H
Ribulose
H
2
C OH
O
C OH
Dihydroxyacetone
1
Longer polymer
H
H
C OH
C
O
4
C
H
H
3
O
H
OH
Ribose
Ketoses
O
C
C
Glyceraldehyde
2
Hexose sugars
(C6H12O6)
H
H
H
1
Split by water
1
O
Unlinked monomer
Hydrolysis
12 Sept. 2011
H
3
Dehydration
Synthesis
•  Monomers and Polymers
Triose sugars
(C3H6O3)
2
H
H
OH
HO
O
H
OH
H
OH
H
CH2OH
H
OHOH
H
HO
O
H
OH H
CH2OH
H
1– 4
1 glycosidic
linkage
H
4
O
H
OH H
H
OH
O
H
OH
Cellulose
H
OH
10 !m
0.5 !m
OH
H 2O
Glucose
Glucose
CH2OH
H
O
H
OH
H
HO
Glucose + Fructose
H
OH
HO
CH2OH
O
H
H
H
HO
CH2OH
OH
OH
H
H
OH
O
H
O
HO
H
1–2
1 glycosidic
linkage
H
CH2OH
O
2
H
H
Cellulose
molecules!
HO
CH2OH
OH H
OH
H 2O
= Sucrose
Glucose
Figure 5.5
CH2OH
H
Maltose
Fructose
Sucrose
!  Glucose
monomer!
Fig. 5-8
1
Fig. 5-7bc
Fats or triglycerides
(glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
Glycerol
+ Fatty acid
H
H
C
O
H
C
OH
HO
H
H
C
OH
C
OH
H
O
H
C
O
C
H
C
H
O
Fat molecule
H
C
O
C
H
C
H
O
H
C
H
OILS
WHY?
Solid
Saturated
O
O–
+
N(CH )
3 3
Choline
Phosphate
O
CH2
CH
O
O
C
O C
CH2
Glycerol
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
How will
phospholipids
behave in water?
O
Hydrophobic tails
Hydrophilic head
CH2
H
Phospholipid Bilayer
–  Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate
CH2
H
Like
Fig 5-12
•  Phospholipids
O
P
H
C
What are trans fats?
Liquid
Unsaturated or
Polyunsaturated
H
hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Figure 5.11
FATS
O
H
C
Dehydration reaction
H
H
C
Fatty acids
Hydrophilic “head”
Hydrophobic
“tails”
Form
Boundaries
(a) Structural formula
2
Amino Acids differ only by their
“R” group
Nonpolar Amino Acids
•  20 kinds of amino acids
–  Same chasis, different cargo
Nonpolar
Oil
Polar
OH
Charged
SH
R5
Duracell
Can Keep adding
to the end
Polar and Charged Amino Acids
The amino and acid groups
couple the monomers together
•  Can make polymers that are 100s or 1000s of amino
acids long
R5
R1
R2
R3
R4
Can Keep adding
to the end
4 Levels of Structure
Building a polypeptide
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Primary Structure:
Amino acid sequence
Dehydration reaction
releases a water
molecule
Tertiary Structure:
3-D shape of one
polypeptide
Like Fig 5.18
Secondary Structure:
Local folding
" helix and ! sheet
Quaternary Structure:
Assembly of several
polypeptides to form
one functional protein
3