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Chapter 2
Theoretical Perspectives On Maladaptive Behavior
2-1. Which of the following is not true of theories?
a) Theories are created to organize information and explain its meaning.
b) Theories are complete because once a concept is explained, change in the
concept is rare.
c) Theories can explain why clinical disorders occur.
d) Theories can assist in treatment of clinical disorders.
Answer: b Page: 45 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-2. Two psychologists are set to debate their views on the causes of abnormal
behavior. One of them describes his position as “emphasizing our uniqueness as
individuals and our freedom to make our own decisions.” The other describes her view
as “examining how the environment influences behavior.” Which two theories of
abnormal psychology are represented by these two psychologists?
a) cognitive and biological
b) cognitive and behavioral
c) community-cultural and cognitive
d) humanistic-existential and behavioral
Answer: d Page: 46 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual
2-3. You are listening to a program in which several psychologists describe their
theoretical viewpoints. One of them says she represents a theoretical approach that
has led to therapeutic techniques for changing unrealistic ideas. Which theoretical
approach does she represent?
a) cognitive
b) behavioral
c) psychodynamic
d) community-cultural
Answer: a Page: 46 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual
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2-4. Sara was in an automobile accident and sustained head trauma. In an effort to
evaluate her condition, she will be given a Position Emission Tomography (PT) scan
and a computerized tomography (CT) scan. The results of the scans will be used to
initiate a treatment plan. The model used to understand her condition is the:
a) community-cultural perspective
b) humanistic-existential perspective
c) cognitive perspective
d) biological perspective
Answer: d Page: 47 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual
2-5. Sam had recently lost his job. As a result of losing his job, he did not eat or sleep
well, and he was always ill. As a result, he had a high fever caused by an infection. He
was hospitalized for several days. His maladaptive behavior can be understood
through which perspective?
a) community-cultural
b) biological
c) psychodynamic
d) behavioral
Answer: b Page: 47 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-6. Which perspective looks at maladaptive behavior as a joint product of disordered
processes in the body, in psychological functioning, and in the social environment?
a) biological
b) psychodynamic
c) behavioral
d) cognitive
Answer: a Page: 48 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-7. How many chromosomes are there in each cell of the human body?
a) 10
b) 23
c) 46
d) 50
Answer: c Page: 48 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-8. What is the chromosomal abnormality associated with Down syndrome?
a) an extra Y chromosome
b) a broken branch on the Y chromosome
c) three #21 chromosomes instead of two
d) 24 rather than 23 pairs of chromosomes
Answer: c Page: 48 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-9. What are the units that make up chromosomes?
a) neurons
b) genes
c) loci
d) karyotypes
Answer: b Page: 48 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-10. A karyotype is a map of
a) genes
b) chromosomes
c) amino acids on DNA
d) the double helix of DNA and RNA
Answer: b Page: 48 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-11. What is a genome?
a) a very small gene
b) a chromosomal karyotype
c) a complete set of a person’s genes
d) a mutated gene that has been replaced
Answer: c Page: 48 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-12. What is the basis for the action of the genes?
a) DNA
b) locus
c) karyotype
d) chromosome
Answer: a Page: 49 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-13. Elaine’s parents were both athletes in college as were her grandparents. Her
parents have tried to convince her to participate in sports, and cannot understand why
she has little interest. More specifically, they cannot understand why she is not more
physically developed as a potential athlete since most members of the family are
athletic. What term provides an explanation for this dilemma?
a) penetrance
b) heritability
c) genetics
d) hormones
Answer: a Page: 49 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual
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2-14. An expert was invited to campus to discuss current research on population
genetics. During the question and answer period, he was asked to comment on the
importance of population genetics. What is he likely to say?
a) “It provides tools to control overpopulation.”
b) “It allows researchers to map the karyotype.”
c) “It is used to predict the occurrence of disorders.”
d) “It is helpful in protecting species that are close to extinction.”
Answer: c Page: 49 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-15. Which individuals are most susceptible to Tay-Sachs disease?
a) Japanese
b) North Africans
c) Scandinavians
d) European Jews
Answer: d Page: 49 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-16. Which technique is frequently used by behavioral geneticists?
a) Mapping the human genome
b) Microscopic examination of chromosomes
c) Comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins
d) Treating genetically-caused behavior problems
Answer: c Page: 49 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-17. _________is the study of the effects of genetic inheritance on behavior which
_____________accesses information used in predicting the incidence of certain
genetically carried disorders
a) population genetics; behavior genetics
b) behavior genetics; medical genetics
c) population genetics; penetrance
d) behavior genetics; population genetics
Answer: d Page: 49 Level: Difficult Type: Factual
2-18. Seth has Tay-Sachs disease. He wants to marry but is fearful of his children
contracting the disease. Seth has volunteered for a research study. What field would
be used?
a) behavior genetics
b) pedigree studies
c) population genetics
d) medical studies
Answer: c Page: 49 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
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2-19. A researcher studies the rate of a rare blood disease among monozygotic and
dizygotic twins. She finds a much higher rate of concordance in the monozygotic twins.
What might she conclude?
a) Both parents must be carriers of the disease.
b) Genetic factors play a strong role in this disorder.
c) The disorder is due to a chromosomal abnormality.
d) There are few, if any, environmental influences on this disorder.
Answer: b Page: 50 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-20. If only one twin has a certain disease, the twin pair is said to be
a) fraternal.
b) penetrant.
c) karyotypic.
d) discordant.
Answer: d Page: 50 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-21. What do schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, major affective disorder, and
reading disability have in common?
a) chromosomal abnormalities
b) low twin concordance rates
c) substantial genetic influence
d) more common now than in the past
Answer: c Page: 51 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-22. After a class in developmental psychology, a student asked the professor a
question concerning the effects of the environment on the student and her brother.
When answering the question the professor said, “The research seems to indicate that
nonshared environment plays a significant role in the development of siblings.” What
was the professor suggesting in his answer to this student’s question?
a) Siblings have to compete for space and resources.
b) Siblings in a family do not share 100% of their genes.
c) Each child has an environment that differs from his/her siblings.
d) Children in a family share an environment different from other families.
Answer: c Page: 52 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual
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2-23. Rose has been healthy her entire life. However, she has begun to experience
changes in her behavior and through processes. She has noticed that, under stress,
these changes occur. This is an example of:
a) changes in the nervous system
b) gene expression
c) behavior genetics
d) population genetics
Answer: b Page: 52 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-24. A researcher has been investigating difference in personality among family
members. The difference among family members in regard to personality traits is
accounted for by a combination of genetic differences among the children and the
unique relationships of each child. The unique relationships among the children is an
example of the:
a) shared environment
b) nature – nurture controversy
c) nonshared environment
d) None of the above.
Answer: c Page: 52 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-25. The two major divisions of the nervous system are:
a) central nervous system; autonomic system
b) somatic system; anatomic system
c) central nervous system; peripheral nervous system
d) peripheral system; autonomic system
Answer: c Page: 52 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-26. Sam is experiencing difficulty with voluntary muscle movement. The system
affected is:
a) somatic system
b) central nervous system
c) autonomic system
d) cerebral cortex
Answer: a Page: 52 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-27. The fundamental unit of the entire nervous system is the:
a) axon
b) dendrite
c) synapse
d) neuron
Answer: d Page: 52 Level: Easy Type: Factual
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2-28. The ___________is a long extension of a neuron while shorter extensions are
called _______________.
a) dendrites; axon
b) axon; dendrites
c) axon; neurotransmitters
d) neurotransmitter; dendrites
Answer: a Page: 52 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-29. What are the main components of the central nervous system?
a) brain and spinal cord
b) chromosomes and genes
c) glands and sensory receptors
d) hormones and neurotransmitters
Answer: a Page: 52 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-30. The somatic system and the autonomic system are components of the
a) limbic system.
b) cerebral cortex.
c) central nervous system.
d) peripheral nervous system.
Answer: d Page: 52 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-31. Which part of the nervous system is responsible for regulating glands and internal
organs?
a) limbic system
b) central system
c) somatic system
d) autonomic system
Answer: d Page: 52 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-32. Which of the following is the best description of neurotransmitters?
a) brain neurons
b) psychoactive drugs
c) electrical discharges
d) chemicals that carry signals
Answer: d Page: 52 Level: Easy Type: Factual
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2-33. Which of the following correctly matches a neurotransmitter with the disorder it
influences?
a) GABA - schizophrenia
b) dopamine - schizophrenia
c) acetylcholine - panic disorder
d) serotonin - generalized anxiety disorder
Answer: b Page: 52 Level: Difficult Type: Factual
2-34. What is the gap between two nerve cells?
a) axon
b) dendrite
c) synapse
d) neurotransmitter
Answer: c Page: 52 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-35. Chemicals that serve as messengers between neurons are called
a) dendrites.
b) synapses.
c) hormones.
d) neurotransmitters.
Answer: d Page: 52 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-36. An explosion at an industrial plant caused a piece of metal to be shot through the
skull of one of the workers who was immediately taken to the emergency room. He was
in great pain, but awake and able to speak to the emergency room staff. Despite the
severe nature of the injury, it is not life threatening. In fact, the injury is remarkably
similar to injuries suffered by Phineas Gage. Based on this case, what would you tell
the man’s family about the outcome they might expect?
a) He will have difficulty with his sense of vision.
b) He will have problems with short-term memory.
c) He will exhibit a heightened degree of emotional instability.
d) He will develop symptoms similar to those found in schizophrenia.
Answer: c Page: 53 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
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2-37. What part of the brain controls the distinctly human behaviors and cognitive
abilities?
a) cerebellum
b) limbic system
c) cerebral cortex
d) autonomic nervous system
Answer: c Page: 54 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-38. What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) measure?
a) motor movement
b) activity of brain cells
c) size of the cerebral cortex
d) neurotransmitters in the synapse
Answer: b Page: 54 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-39. An EEG technician is giving a lecture to students from the local university. She
points out several of the different brain waves, and shows a record with an abundance
of delta waves. She asks the students what the person might be doing. Which of the
following is most likely to be correct?
a) This person is in deep sleep.
b) This person is either writing a letter or speaking to someone.
c) This person is relaxing and not thinking of anything in particular.
d) The person is in a coma and is completely unresponsive to the environment.
Answer: a Page: 54 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual
2-40. What is the primitive part of the cerebral cortex that is associated with emotional
and motivational functions?
a) cerebellum
b) limbic system
c) pituitary gland
d) corpus callosum
Answer: b Page: 54 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-41. Which of the following could be described as part of the primitive lower part of the
cortex that is associated with emotional and motivational functions?
a) cerebellum
b) parietal lobe
c) limbic system
d) corpus callosum
Answer: c Page: 54 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-42. A rat will continue to press a bar in order to receive stimulation to the reward
center of the brain, even if it means going without food. What part of the brain is
involved?
a) cerebellum
b) limbic system
c) cerebral cortex
d) corpus callosum
Answer: b Page: 54 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-43. What are the natural pain relievers produced by the brain?
a) hormones
b) endocrines
c) endorphins
d) neuropeptides
Answer: c Page: 55 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-44. The ability of the nervous system to change in response to stimulation is:
a) brain plasticity
b) neural plasticity
c) endorphins
d) neurogenesis
Answer: b Page: 55 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-45. You are paging through a journal on physiology and come across an article on the
topic of neurogenesis. The term is new to you so you look it up and find that the article
probably deals with
a) production of new brain cells.
b) genes responsible for brain development.
c) the delicate balance between sleep and waking.
d) hormonal imbalances that lead to brain degeneration.
Answer: a Page: 55 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual
2-46. How do endocrine glands deliver their products to other parts of the body?
a) through ducts
b) in cerebral spinal fluid
c) by way of neurotransmitters
d) directly into the bloodstream
Answer: d Page: 55 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-47. What chemical messengers are secreted by the endocrine glands?
a) neurons
b) synapses
c) hormones
d) neuropeptides
Answer: c Page: 55 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-48. Which of the following is one of the endocrine glands?
a) tear
b) lymph
c) thyroid
d) salivary
Answer: c Page: 56 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-49. How does the endocrine system affect the body’s response to stress?
a) mobilizes physical resources
b) increases likelihood of infection
c) speeds delivery of cerebral spinal fluid
d) increases electrical activity in the brain
Answer: a Page: 56 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-50. The chemicals corticotrophin – factor, adrenocorticotrophichormone, and adrenal
corticosteroids are associated with the ___________during stress response.
a) endocrine system
b) neurogenesis
c) hypothalamus
d) cerebral cortex
Answer: c Page: 56 Level: Difficult Type: Factual
2-51. Which of the following is a good indicator of the degree of stress experienced by
an individual?
a) serotonin levels
b) cerebral spinal fluid
c) brain electrical activity
d) adrenal corticosteroids
Answer: d Page: 56 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-52. The adrenal cortex is important for the
a) stress response.
b) DNA replication.
c) regulation of brain cell activity.
d) replacing the neurotransmitter serotonin.
Answer: a Page: 56 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-53. What part of the brain releases corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) during the
stress response?
a) thyroid
b) pituitary
c) hypothalamus
d) adrenal cortex
Answer: c Page: 56 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-54. During the stress response, the hypothalamus releases a substance that acts on
what part of the brain?
a) thyroid
b) pituitary
c) pancreas
d) substantia nigra
Answer: b Page: 56 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-55. Researchers are looking for subjects to examine and participate in a study to
understand the relationship between the structure and function of the brain and the
subject’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. These researchers are from the filed of:
a) neuropsychology
b) neuroscience
c) genetic medicine
d) neuropathology
Answer: b Page: 56 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
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2-56. Which of the following are functions of the neurosciences?
a) Protection of a healthy brain and to heal the brain when it is ill.
b) Clarification of how the brain functions as a molecular-cellular machine.
c) Understand and view the brain as a highly complex and flexible
information
system.
d) All of the above are functions of the neurosciences.
Answer: d Page: 56 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-57. Sixty-year-old Sam is part of a research program designed to predict future
diseases and disorders from brain scans completed yearly. If researchers determine
that the brain scans reveal a loss of cells in the substantia nigra, which disorder would
they predict that Sam will develop?
a) PKU
b) Tay-Sachs
c) Alzheimer’s disease
d) Parkinson’s disease
Answer: d Page: 56 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual
2-58. “Shaking palsy” was another name for
a) syphilis.
b) schizophrenia.
c) Alzheimer’s disease.
d) Parkinson’s disease.
Answer: d Page: 56 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-59. How does L-dopa help people with Parkinson’s disease?
a) acts as a tranquilizer
b) causes a genetic mutation
c) corrects a neurochemical deficiency
d) changes electrical activity in the brain
Answer: c Page: 56 Level: Difficult Type: Factual
2-60. What was the first neuroimaging technique used to study abnormal behavior?
a) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
b) computerized axial tomography (CT)
c) positron emission tomography (PET)
d) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
Answer: b Page: 57 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-61. Which brain imaging technique has the capacity to examine brain anatomy
visually and to measure it quantitatively?
a) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
b) computerized axial tomography (CT)
c) positron emission tomography (PET)
d) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
Answer: a Page: 57 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-62. What is the most costly and complex neuroimaging technique?
a) computed tomography (CT)
b) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
c) positron emission tomography (PT)
d) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
Answer: c Page: 57 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-63. Which neuroimaging technique measures cerebral blood flow?
a) computed tomography (CT)
b) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
c) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
d) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Answer: d Page: 57 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-64. Which of the following are cells found in the immune system?
a) neurons
b) antigens
c) lymphocytes
d) adrenocorticoids
Answer: c Page: 58 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-65. The immune system must recognize and remove foreign materials called
a) antigens.
b) lymphocytes.
c) adrenocorticoids.
d) positron emissions.
Answer: a Page: 58 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-66. How do stress and emotional factors suppress immunological responses?
a) through hormonal changes
b) by increasing endorphin levels
c) by decreasing neuronal activity
d) through damage to the cell walls
Answer: a Page: 58 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-67. Which of the following disciplines simultaneously studies the nervous, endocrine,
and immune systems?
a) neuroscience
b) neuropathology
c) psychoneuroimmunology
d) psychoneurophysiology
Answer: c Page: 58 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-68. If a drug acts as (an) _________________, it blocks a neurotransmitter’s action.
Similarly, an ______________ disrupts the action of a neurotransmitter.
a) agonist; antagonist
b) endocrine agent; action synapses
c) antagonist; agonist
d) agonist; endocrine agent
Answer: a Page: 58 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-69. Larry’s mother recently died of cancer. He became quite ill, and had difficulty
getting better. What system would be affected by the loss of Larry’s mother?
a) peripheral system
b) endocrine system
c) immune system
d) autonomic system
Answer: c Page: 58 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-70. Which perspective examines thought and emotions as important causes of
behavior?
a) humanistic
b) biological
c) psychodynamic
d) cognitive
Answer: c Page: 59 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-71. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all observable behavior is a function
of
a) free will.
b) errors in logic.
c) reinforcement history.
d) intrapsychic processes.
Answer: d Page: 59 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-72. Before developing psychoanalysis, what technique did Sigmund Freud use to
study emotional disorders?
a) hypnosis
b) desensitization
c) free association
d) dream interpretation
Answer: a Page: 60 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-73. What is the principle of psychic determinism?
a) Neurosis leads to psychosis.
b) Human beings have free will.
c) Free association reveals the psyche.
d) Behavior is caused by prior mental events.
Answer: d Page: 60 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-74. When Maria looked at a picture of a carnival, she suddenly remembered a fair
she had gone to as a child. Before she looked at the picture, her memory of the fair was
a) conscious.
b) unconscious.
c) preconscious.
d) conscientious.
Answer: c Page: 60 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-75. Sigmund Freud believed that some things remain unconscious because they are
associated with
a) brain abnormalities.
b) existential freedom.
c) intrapsychic conflict.
d) psychic determinism.
Answer: c Page: 60 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-76. What term did Sigmund Freud use to refer to an individual’s quest for pleasure
and gratification?
a) sadism
b) sexuality
c) sublimation
d) self-actualization
Answer: b Page: 61 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-77. According to Sigmund Freud, at about what age does a child go through the
phallic stage of psychosexual development?
a) during the first year
b) about age 3
c) about age 10
d) during adolescence
Answer: b Page: 61 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-78. Which Freudian structure is described as an unorganized reservoir of psychic
energy?
a) id
b) ego
c) phallic
d) superego
Answer: a Page: 62 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-79. What is the libido?
a) psychic energy
b) an erogenous zone
c) a psychosexual stage
d) a defense mechanism
Answer: a Page: 61 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-80. What is the correct sequence of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stages?
a) anal, oral, genital, phallic
b) phallic, genital, oral, anal
c) oral, genital, phallic, anal
d) oral, anal, phallic, genital
Answer: d Page: 61 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-81. Which of the following characterizes the phallic stage of psychosexual
development?
a) occurs only in males
b) occurs during adolescence
c) involves sexual impulses toward the parents
d) accompanies a mature heterosexual relationship
Answer: c Page: 61 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-82. Each of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stages is organized around
a) a latency period.
b) an erogenous zone.
c) developing abilities for rational thought.
d) the development of new psychic structures.
Answer: b Page: 62 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-83. When does the latency period end?
a) age 3
b) age 5
c) adolescence
d) adulthood
Answer: c Page: 62 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-84. Failure to resolve a psychosexual conflict may cause a person to experience
a) libido.
b) fixation.
c) latency.
d) psychic determinism.
Answer: b Page: 62 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-85. What is the role of the ego in Freudian theory?
a) maximizing pleasure
b) keeping the id in line
c) realistic problem-solving
d) primary process thinking
Answer: c Page: 62 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-86. Greg has always been taught that stealing is wrong. However, while shopping he
sees a rock video that he wants, so he steals it. Later he feels guilty about what he has
done. Greg’s guilt arises from his
a) id.
b) ego.
c) superego.
d) collective unconscious.
Answer: c Page: 62 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
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2-87. Which of these individuals is engaged in an example of what Sigmund Freud
would term primary process thinking?
a) Alice who is daydreaming about a guy in her biology class
b) Bill who is trying to get his car to start after he drove into a big puddle
c) Dave who is outlining a term paper on the topic of the human sexual response in
the elderly
d) Teresa who is trying to determine whether she should go the library to study or
go out with her friends
Answer: a Page: 62 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual
2-88. Which part of the psychic structure would make someone a conscientious
objector to war?
a) id
b) ego
c) superego
d) collective unconscious
Answer: c Page: 62 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-89. Secondary process thinking describes the mature person’s ability to
a) free associate.
b) avoid repression.
c) delay gratification.
d) use the pleasure principle.
Answer: c Page: 62 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-90. Staying home from the football game to work on a term paper is an example of
a) repression.
b) subconscious thinking.
c) primary process thinking.
d) secondary process thinking.
Answer: d Page: 62 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-91. In adults, primary process thinking is most evident in
a) guilt.
b) dreams.
c) delay of gratification.
d) defense mechanisms.
Answer: b Page: 62 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
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2-92. What is the primary purpose of the defense mechanisms?
a) to protect psychic determinism
b) to promote primary process thinking
c) to make the unconscious conscious
d) to ward off awareness of intrapsychic conflict
Answer: d Page: 63 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-93. Martha feels ambivalent about finding out the results of her pregnancy test. What
will happen if she uses the defense mechanism of repression to deal with her anxiety?
a) She will act immaturely.
b) She will forget the appointment.
c) She will tell herself its better not to know.
d) She will call the doctor and make an excuse.
Answer: b Page: 63 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual
2-94. How does the defense mechanism of repression reduce anxiety?
a) The person behaves immaturely.
b) Anxiety-laden thoughts are forgotten.
c) Feelings are directed to a new object.
d) An impulse is transformed into its opposite.
Answer: b Page: 63 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-95. In Freudian theory, defense mechanisms are strategies people use in order to
a) protect the libido.
b) insure that the id rules the ego.
c) make unconscious material conscious.
d) protect against unacceptable impulses.
Answer: d Page: 63 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-96. What technique did Sigmund Freud develop to encourage patients to express
their thoughts and feelings as openly as possible?
a) desensitization
b) free association
c) relaxation training
d) hypnotic induction
Answer: b Page: 63 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-97. Painting a picture of a bloody war scene rather than acting on an aggressive
impulse is an example of what defense mechanism?
a) sublimation
b) displacement
c) reaction formation
d) intellectualization
Answer: a Page: 64 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-98. Ann left work feeling very angry at her boss. When she got home she yelled at
her roommate. Ann’s behavior is an example of which defense mechanism?
a) denial
b) displacement
c) sublimation
d) intellectualization
Answer: b Page: 64 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-99. When we are around someone we dislike intensely we often “bend over
backward” to be nice to this individual. Which defense mechanism is illustrated here?
a) denial
b) projection
c) sublimation
d) reaction formation
Answer: d Page: 64 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-100. Compared to Sigmund Freud, the approaches offered by Carl Jung and Alfred
Adler tended to
a) address more spiritual issues.
b) view human nature in a more optimistic way.
c) focus on more biological issues in development.
d) focus on early development of attachment to significant others.
Answer: b Page: 65 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual
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2-101. As a child, Sammy felt inferior in comparison to his parents. A family counselor
suggested parent training in child-rearing techniques. The theorist associated with this
approach is:
a) Alfred Adler
b) Carl Jung
c) Erik Erikson
d) Sigmund Freud
Answer: a Page: 65 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual
2-102. Which of the following characterizes Erik Erikson’s view of psychological
development?
a) Development is a lifelong process.
b) The ego is ineffective in solving problems.
c) Reinforcement is the cornerstone of learning.
d) The first five years of life are the most important.
Answer: a Page: 65 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-103. Which theorist was interested in the capacity to achieve mastery, creativity, and
developed ego psychology:
a) Melanie Klien
b) Heinz Kohut
c) Carl Jung
d) Erik Erikson
Answer: d Page: 65 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-104. The belief that self-concept played a key role in the organization of development
is associated with:
a) Heinz Kohut
b) John Watson
c) Carl Jung
d) Melanie Klien
Answer: a Page: 66 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-105. What is one limitation of psychoanalytic theory?
a) It is hard to evaluate scientifically.
b) It is unable to explain normal behavior.
c) It is more of a philosophy than a theory.
d) It is better at prediction than description.
Answer: a Page: 66 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-106. John B. Watson was the founder of
a) humanism.
b) behaviorism.
c) object relations.
d) community psychology.
Answer: b Page: 66 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-107. John B. Watson believed that personality was built out of
a) the self-actualization process.
b) conditioning and reinforcement.
c) resolution of intrapsychic conflicts.
d) progression through psychosocial stages.
Answer: b Page: 66 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-108. What do the psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches have in common?
a) idea of determinism
b) assumption of free will
c) focus on internal events
d) stage model of development
Answer: a Page: 67 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-109. Which of the following key figures in the history of psychology was well-known
for describing classical conditioning?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) B. F. Skinner
c) Carl Rogers
d) Alfred Adler
Answer: a Page: 67 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-110. Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with hungry dogs are examples of
a) operant conditioning.
b) classical conditioning.
c) extinction conditioning.
d) correlational conditioning.
Answer: b Page: 67 Level: Easy Type: Factual
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2-111. During a thunderstorm, Beth picked up the telephone to call her parents. While
dialing she received a painful shock. Now she reacts with fear whenever she sees a
telephone. What is the telephone in this example?
a) neutral stimulus
b) reinforced stimulus
c) conditioned stimulus
d) unconditioned stimulus
Answer: c Page: 67 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-112. During a thunderstorm, Beth picked up the telephone to call her parents. While
dialing she received a painful shock. Now she reacts with fear whenever she sees a
telephone. What is the unconditioned stimulus in her case?
a) the shock
b) Beth’s fear
c) the telephone
d) the thunderstorm
Answer: a Page: 67 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-113. As a child, Jane, was stung by a bee and years later she is afraid of all insects.
In classical conditioning terms, what was the original bee sting?
a) conditioned stimulus
b) conditioned response
c) unconditioned stimulus
d) unconditioned response
Answer: c Page: 67 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-114. Which therapeutic technique uses a series of steps to break down the bond
between a stimulus and an undesirable conditioned response?
a) modeling
b) hypnosis
c) relaxation training
d) systematic desensitization
Answer: d Page: 67 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-115. A scientist rings a bell just before giving meat to the dogs in his laboratory. After
several pairings, the dogs begin to salivate when the bell is rung, even when there is no
meat. In this study, the bell represents the
a) conditioned stimulus.
b) conditioned response.
c) unconditioned stimulus.
d) unconditioned response.
Answer: a Page: 67 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
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2-116. A mother turns on the radio right before she feeds her toddler each evening.
After a few days, the child begins to open his mouth and hold out his spoon as soon as
the mother turns on the radio. What is the radio in this example?
a) conditioned stimulus
b) conditioned response
c) unconditioned stimulus
d) unconditioned response
Answer: a Page: 67 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-117. When the goal is to increase avoidance responses (like keeping an animal away
from the road), what kind of unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is used?
a) a novel UCS
b) a rewarding UCS
c) an unpleasant UCS
d) an extinguished UCS
Answer: c Page: 67 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-118. Phil was given a failing grade on his paper because the professor discovered
that it was plagiarized. The failing grade is an example of
a) extinction.
b) punishment.
c) positive reinforcement.
d) negative reinforcement.
Answer: b Page: 68 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-119. How does a negative reinforcer increase the probability of a response?
a) It punishes the respondent.
b) It extinguishes the response.
c) It provides a pleasant reward.
d) It takes away something aversive.
Answer: d Page: 68 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-120. What was the “Skinner box” used to study?
a) operant conditioning
b) classical conditioning
c) social learning theory
d) systematic desensitization
Answer: a Page: 68 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-121. Obtaining a desired response by reinforcing successively closer approximations
of the response is called
a) shaping.
b) modeling.
c) operant conditioning.
d) classical conditioning.
Answer: a Page: 68 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-122. Fred gives his dog a treat each time the dog looks to the left. After a while, Fred
only gives a treat when the dog takes a step to the left. Finally, Fred gives a treat only
when the dog turns completely around. This situation is an example of
a) shaping.
b) extinction.
c) classical conditioning.
d) negative reinforcement.
Answer: a Page: 68 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-123. According to modeling theorists, why would a young man want to join the
military?
a) He has passed through the latency stage.
b) He has been positively reinforced for aggression.
c) He has seen how military officers are well respected.
d) He has experienced an unavoidable impulse for aggression.
Answer: c Page: 70 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-124. Which psychologist is known for studying modeling?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) B. F. Skinner
c) Albert Bandura
d) John B. Watson
Answer: c Page: 70 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-125. Modeling is a process of learning that can occur
a) during hypnosis.
b) through extinction.
c) without reinforcement.
d) through classical conditioning.
Answer: c Page: 70 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-126. Which perspective emphasizes how people acquire, interpret, and use
information to solve problems?
a) cognitive
b) humanistic
c) behavioral
d) psychodynamic
Answer: a Page: 72 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-127. Which of the following enables a person to identify stimuli quickly, cluster
information effectively, and make inferences?
a) model
b) schema
c) memory
d) conditioning
Answer: b Page: 72 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-128. Aaron Beck believes that the type of maladaptive behavior a person exhibits
depends on
a) modeling.
b) idiosyncratic schemata.
c) level of self-actualization.
d) the stage at which conflict is unresolved.
Answer: b Page: 72 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-129. Cognitive therapy involves helping the client to
a) revise negative interpretations.
b) use systematic desensitization.
c) accept the inevitability of death.
d) remember childhood experiences.
Answer: a Page: 73 Level: Easy Type: Factual
2-130. In rational-emotive therapy, the therapist’s role is primarily that of a
a) teacher.
b) conscience.
c) substitute parent.
d) superego reinforcer.
Answer: a Page: 74 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-131. Rational-emotive therapy involves helping the client to
a) express strong feelings.
b) see things more realistically.
c) use systematic desensitization.
d) make unconscious memories conscious.
Answer: b Page: 74 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-132. Emphasis on self-determinism, choice, and the responsibility of the individual to
rise above environmental forces is most characteristic of which perspective?
a) cognitive
b) existentialist
c) psychodynamic
d) radical behaviorist
Answer: b Page: 75 Level: Difficult Type: Factual
2-133. According to the humanist perspective, how does the process of selfactualization occur?
a) It is a natural drive.
b) It is reinforced by society.
c) It is a learned personal construct.
d) It is a byproduct of defense mechanisms.
Answer: a Page: 75 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-134. Janet’s parents always encouraged her in life. Her life’s motto was to be “all that
you can be”. This is an example of:
a) social role
b) self-actualization
c) social causation
d) self-efficacy
Answer: b Page: 75 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-135. Which theorist believed that anxiety is due to tension resulting from
inconsistencies between self-perceptions and people’s ideas of what they would like to
be?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) Carl Rogers
c) Alfred Adler
d) Carl Jung
Answer: b Page: 75 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-136. What do the humanist and psychoanalytic perspectives have in common?
a) focus on the unconscious
b) use of introspection in therapy
c) assumption that people make rational decisions
d) assumption that human nature is basically good
Answer: b Page: 75 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-137. According to the humanist perspective, anxiety results from inconsistencies
between one’s self-perception and one’s
a) ideal self.
b) superego.
c) reputation.
d) self-efficacy.
Answer: a Page: 75 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-138. From the humanist perspective, to act authentically means to
a) make rational choices.
b) eliminate defense mechanisms.
c) act according to one’s own goals.
d) be in touch with the collective unconscious.
Answer: c Page: 75 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-139. Dr. Trevino is a therapist who describes her role as accepting her clients fully,
communicating to them that she is listening, and respecting their worth and dignity
despite their problems. What type of therapist is Dr. Trevino?
a) humanistic
b) psychoanalyst
c) social-learning
d) rational-emotive
Answer: a Page: 75 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-140. Tonya has been seeing a therapist who is attempting to convince her that she is
free to choose among different courses of action. Her parents always dictated her
goals in life. The goal of her therapy is to fulfill her own uniqueness. Which theorist is
associated with this approach?
a) Carl Rogers
b) Viktor Frankl
c) John B. Watson
d) Carl Jung
Answer: b Page: 76 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
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2-141. You are assigned to write a term paper on the topic of the community-cultural
perspective. The goal of the assignment is for you to delineate how this approach
differs from other ways of viewing maladaptive behavior. Which of the following would
make for a good title for your term paper?
a) “Failure of social support, not diseases”
b) “Combining psychodynamic and social approaches”
c) “ How genetic factors are manifested in social environments”
d) “Conscious not unconscious, dreams not daydreams as key sources”
Answer: a Page: 76 Level: Difficult Type: Conceptual
2-142. Inadequate schools and housing, crime, and prejudice are associated with what
theory regarding environment when discussing factors related to mental illness?
a) community theory
b) social causation theory
c) cultural theory
d) social selection theory
Answer: b Page: 76 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-143. Which perspective on maladaptive behavior places the most emphasis on
prevention?
a) humanist
b) cognitive
c) community
d) psychodynamic
Answer: c Page: 76 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-144. Duwayne has been a strong activist in his community, and believes in the
community cultural perspective. He is likely to support what theory?
a) social selection theory
b) cultural theory
c) social-behavioral theory
d) social causation theory
Answer: d Page: 76 Level: Medium Type: Conceptual
2-145. All are true of “labeling” except it:
a) occurs when people are placed in categories
b) is destructive
c) can be desirable
d) is encouraged
Answer: d Page: 78 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-146. Which of the following best describes the interactional approach on the causes
and treatment of maladaptive behavior?
a) People’s behavior depends on interactions of factors which give direction to life.
b) Behavior must interact with societal norms.
c) Cognition is the basis for interaction with affect and behavior.
d) None of the above.
Answer: a Page: 78 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-147. Personal and environmental factors influence each other; stressful life events
and a nonsupportive social network are associated with the following perspective?
a) interactional
b) cultural
c) social-behavioral
d) community-cultural
Answer: a Page: 79 Level: Medium Type: Factual
Essay Questions
2-148. What are the major methods used by behavior geneticists to study the influence
of genetics and environment on behavior?
Answer: Behavioral genetic research with humans usually takes the one of two forms:
analysis of family histories or twin studies. Pedigree studies begin with an individual
who manifests a particular trait. His or her relatives are assessed to see whether they
have the same trait. Twin studies are a more direct way of studying the effects of
heredity on behavior. Monozygotic (identical) twins have been compared to dizygotic
(fraternal) twins with respect to a variety of behaviors.
Pages: 49 – 51 Level: Difficult Type: Factual
2-149. What do various patterns of concordance in monozygotic twins and in dizygotic
twins suggest to researchers?
Answer: If the concordance rate in monozygotic twins were similar to that of dizygotic
twins, the evidence would suggest a strong environmental influence on the disease or
behavior. If the concordance rate for monozygotic twins were much higher than the rate
for dizygotic twins, the evidence would suggest a strong role for the influence of
heredity.
Page: 49 Level: Difficult Type: Factual
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2-150. Describe the major methods of brain imaging.
Answer: In the first brain imaging methods, computerized axial tomography (CT), the
images of the brain are collected on X-ray film. These images are then processed by a
computer to generate visually and physically meaningful images. In magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) the image is derived from signals generated by changes in
the levels of electromagnetic radiation from tissues under observation. Magnetic
resonance spectroscopy (MRS) extends the capacity of the MRI to permit the study of
tissue chemistry and metabolic function. Single photon emission computed tomography
(SPECT) provides direct measurement of blood flow and several specific physiological
and neurochemical features of the brain.
Page: 57 – 58 Level: Difficult Type: Factual
2-151. According to Freudian theory, how is fixation different from regression?
Answer: Fixation is an arrest in personal development caused by the unresolved
difficulties experienced at a given stage. Regression is adopting some of the feelings or
behaviors of earlier, more satisfying stages.
Page: 62 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-152. What are the main differences between the Freud’s and Erikson’s perspectives?
Answer: Freud emphasized the id, described psychosexual stages, and emphasized
development through age 18. Erikson emphasized the ego, described psychosocial
stages, and emphasized development throughout the life span. In addition, Erikson was
more optimistic about his view of human nature.
Pages: 65 – 66 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-153. What are the differences between negative reinforcement, punishment, and
extinction?
Answer: Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior (by taking away
something aversive). Punishment and extinction both decrease the frequency of
behavior: Punishment, through application of something aversive; extinction, through
lack of reinforcement.
Page: 68 Level: Medium Type: Factual
True/False
2-154. A psychologist should commit to a specific theoretical position to explain all
abnormal behavior.
Answer: False Page: 46 Level: Easy Type: Factual
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2-155. The theoretical positions discussed in the text are used and researched today,
but each theory was a reaction to a situation existing at the time of its proposal.
Answer: True Page: 46 Level: Difficult Type: Factual
2-156. The biological view of abnormal psychology assumes that all maladaptive
behavior is due to a disordered body function or structure.
Answer: True Page: 47 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-157. Research has demonstrated that few dimensions of behavior are immune to the
effects of genetic factors.
Answer: True Page: 48 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-158. Obtaining information about genetic vulnerability will not significantly increase
the number of psychological questions regarding this issue.
Answer: False Page: 48 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-159. Pedigree studies are initiated when an individual presents a particular trait.
Relatives are then assessed to see if they have the same trait.
Answer: True Page: 49 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-160. The autonomic system transmits information from sense organs to muscles
responsible for voluntary movement.
Answer: False Page: 52 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-161. Researchers have found there can be as many as a hundred or more variations
of a given receptor protein.
Answer: True Page: 52 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-162. The brain acquires experience as it interacts with the environment. This will
influence which synapses remain active, and which are eliminated.
Answer: True Page: 54 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-163. A correlation exists between plasticity and sensitive periods.
Answer: True Page: 55 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-164. Neuroscientists try to clarify how the brain functions as a molecular-physiological
machine.
Answer: False Page: 56 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-165. Several forms of mental illness are due to different types of brain abnormalities.
Answer: True Page: 56 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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2-166. A therapist using psychodynamic psychotherapy would attempt to bring the
unconscious to conscious awareness.
Answer: True Page: 60 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-167. Jung believed people had a genetic inheritance that contributed to our
unconscious life.
Answer: True Page: 65 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-168. Object-relations theorists believed the mind consists of external representations
of significant others referred to as objects.
Answer: False Page: 66 Level: Medium Type: Factual
2-169. The community-cultural perspective has produced new approaches to
maladaptive behavior, and has aided in reaching populations whose psychological
needs were often ignored.
Answer: True Page: 78 Level: Medium Type: Factual
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