Download Thomas–Fermi Approximation and Basics of the Density Functional

December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Appendix A
Thomas–Fermi Approximation and Basics
of the Density Functional Theory
As stated at the beginning of section 2.7 the total energy is a key function describing the basic physical and chemical properties of materials: the ground state. It
consists of both kinetic (describing motion) and potential energy parts. To make
a theoretical model realistic it is very important to incorporate all important contributions to both the parts of the total energy. In view of the big number of the
particles involved into the model, this is very challenging for the first-principles
theory. Different approximations are applied in order to achieve a trade-off between
complexity and accuracy. Very successful in realistic modeling of the ground state
is the density functional theory, DFT. In this chapter we present the basic ideas
of the DFT and demonstrate both advantages and problems for optics within this
method.
Initially Thomas and Fermi (TF) in the 1920s suggested describing atoms as
uniformly distributed electrons (negatively charged clouds) around nuclei in a sixdimensional phase space (momentum and coordinates). This is enormous simplification of the actual many-body problem. It is instructive to consider the basic ideas
of the TF approximation before starting with a more accurate theory: the DFT.
The basic ideas and results of the TF model in application for atoms are provided
here.
Following the TF approach the total energy of the system could be presented
as a function (functional) of electron density [McQuarrie (1976); Parr and Yang
(1989)]. Each h3 of the momentum space volume (h is the Planck constant) is
occupied by two electrons and the electrons are moving in an effective potential
field that is determined by nuclear charge and by assumed uniform distribution of
electrons. The density of ΔN electrons in real space within a cube (nanoparticle)
with a side l is given by
ρ(r) =
ΔN
ΔN
= 3 .
v
l
(A.1)
The electron energy levels in this three-dimensional infinite well are given by:
E=
h2
h2 2
R̃ ,
(n2x + n2y + n2z ) =
2
8ml
8ml2
279
nx , ny , nz = 1, 2, 3, . . .
(A.2)
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Appendix A
280
Radius R = R̃max of the sphere in the space (nx , ny , nz ) covering all occupied
states determines the maximum energy of electrons: the Fermi energy F . The
number of energy levels within this maximum value at zero temperature is given by
3/2
π 8ml2 F
1 4πR3
=
.
(A.3)
NF = 3
2
3
6
h2
The density of states is defined as
g(E)dE = NF (E + dE) − NF (E) =
π
4
8ml2
h2
3/2
E 1/2 dE.
(A.4)
At zero temperature all energy levels below the Fermi energy are occupied:
1E≤F
f (E) =
.
(A.5)
0E>F
Consequently the total energy of the electrons in one cell will be given by
F
F
4π
3/2 3
Ef (E)g(E)dE = 3 (2m) l
E 3/2 dE
E=
h
0
0
3
π 2l
(2m)3/2 F 5/2 .
=
5 h
(A.6)
The Fermi energy F can be obtained from the total number of electrons ΔN in a
cell:
3
F
π 2l
ΔN = 2
f (E)g(E)dE = 3
(2m)3/2 F 3/2 .
(A.7)
h
h
0
Combining Eqs. (A.6) and (A.7) the energy of the electrons in one cell is given by
l3 5/3
l3
3
(3π 2 )2/3
ρ
= CF
,
2
10
(2π)
(2π)5/3
3 2 2/3
3π
CF =
= 2.871.
10
E=
(A.8)
In Eq. (A.8) we reverted to atomic units e = h = m0 = 1. The electron density is
a smooth function in a real space. For systems without translational symmetry it
is different for different cells. However, for spatially periodic systems only consideration within the unit cell is required since all unit cells are equivalent. Now adding
the contributions from all cells with energies within F , we obtain
(A.9)
TTF [ρ] = CF ρ5/3 (r)d3 r.
Equation Eq. (A.9) represents the well-known Thomas–Fermi kinetic energy functional, which is a function of the local electron density. The functional Eq. (A.9)
could be applied to electrons in atoms encountering the most important idea of the
modern DFT, the local density approximation (LDA) [Martin (2004)]. Adding to
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Appendix A
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
281
Eq. (A.9) classical electrostatic energies of electron–nucleus attraction and electron–
electron repulsion we arrive at the energy functional of the Thomas–Fermi theory
of atoms:
ρ(r) 3
ETF [ρ(r)] = CF ρ5/3 (r)d3 r − Z
d r
r
1
ρ(r 1 )ρ(r 2 ) 3
+
d r 1 d3 r 2 .
(A.10)
2
|r 1 − r 2 |
Note that the nucleus charge Z is measured in atomic units. The energy of the
ground state and electron density can be found by minimizing the functional (A.10)
with the constrain condition
ρ(r)d3 r.
N=
(A.11)
The electron density in Eq. (A.10) has to be calculated in conjunction with
Eq. (A.11) from the following equation for chemical potential, defined as the variational derivative according to
5
ρ(r 2 ) 3
δETF [ρ]
Z
5/3
= CTF ρ (r) − +
d r2 .
(A.12)
μTF =
δρ(r)
3
r
|r 1 − r 2 |
The Thomas–Fermi model provides reasonably good predictions for atoms. It has
been used before to study potential fields and charge density in metals and the
equation of states of elements [Feynman et al. (1949)]. However, this method is
considered rather crude for more complex systems because it does not incorporate the actual orbital structure of electrons. In view of the modern DFT theory
the Thomas–Fermi method could be considered as an approximation to the more
accurate theory.
For systems like molecules and solids, much better predictions are provided by
the DFT. Search for the ground state within the DFT follows the rule that the
electron density is a basic variable in the electronic problem (the first theorem of
Hohenberg and Kohn [Hohenberg and Kohn (1964)]) and another rule that the
ground state can be found from the energy variational principle for the density (the
second theorem of Hohenberg and Kohn [Kohn (1999)]). According to the DFT the
total energy could be written as
E[ρ] = T [ρ] + U [ρ] + EXC [ρ],
(A.13)
where T is the kinetic energy of the system of noninteracting particles and U is
the electrostatic energy due to Coulomb interactions. The most important part
in the DFT is EXC , the exchange and correlation (XC) energy that includes all
many-body contributions to the total energy. The charge density is determined by
the wave functions, which for practical computations could be constructed from
single orbitals, φj (e.g. antisymmetrized product—the Slater determinant, atomic
or Gaussian orbitals, linear combinations of plane waves). The charge density is
given by
2
|φj (r)| ,
(A.14)
ρ(r) =
j
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Appendix A
282
where the sum is taken over all occupied j orbitals. In the spin-resolved case there
will be orbitals occupied with spin-up and spin-down electrons. Their sum gives
the total charge density and their difference gives the spin density. In terms of the
electron orbitals the energy components are given in atomic units as
1 ∗
T =−
φj (r)|∇2 |φj (r)d3 r,
(A.15)
2
j
U =−
N n α
j
+
+
1
2
φ∗j (r) Zα
φj (r)d3 r
(Rα − r) φ∗i (r 1 )φ∗j (r 2 )
i,j
N
N α β<α
1
φi (r 1 )φj (r 2 )d3 r 1 d3 r 2
(r 1 − r 2 )
Zα − Zβ
.
|Rα − Rβ |
(A.16)
The first term in potential energy (A.16) stands for the electron–nucleus attraction,
the second term describes for electron–electron repulsion, and the third term represents nucleus–nucleus repulsion. In Eq. (A.16) Zα refers to the charge on nucleus
α of N −atom system.
The third term in Eq. (A.13) describes the exchange and correlation energy.
Rather simple for computations but surprisingly good approximation is the local
density approximation, LDA, which assumes that the charge density varies slowly
on the atomic scale, i.e., the effect of other electrons on the given (local) electron
density is described as a uniform electron gas. The XC energy can be obtained by
integrating with the uniform gas model (see e.g. [Ceperley and Adler (1980)]):
∼
(A.17)
EXC = ρ(r)ẼXC [ρ(r)]d3 (r),
where ẼXC [ρ(r)] is XC energy per particle in a uniform electron gas. For many
systems a good approximation provides analytic expression for ẼXC [ρ(r)] suggested
by Perdew and Wang (1992). In practical calculations through minimization of the
total energy Eq. (A.13) one determines self-consistently the electron density and
the actual XC part. A variational minimization procedure leads to a set of coupled
equations proposed by Kohn and Sham [Kohn and Sham (1965)]:
1 2
(A.18)
− ∇ − VN + Ve + μXC (ρ) φj = Ej φj ,
2
with
μXC =
∂
(ρEXC ) ,
∂ρ
(A.19)
The solution of the Kohn–Sham equation provides the equilibrium geometry
and the ground-state energy of the system. However, eigen functions and eigen
energies of the Kohn–Sham equation cannot be interpreted as the quasiparticle
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Appendix A
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
283
quantities needed for optics. The term quasiparticle refers to a particle-like entity
arising in certain systems of interacting particles. If a single particle moves through
the system, surrounded by a cloud of other interactiong particles, the entire entity
moves along somewhat like a free particle (but slightly different). The quasiparticle
concept is one of the most important in materials science, because it is one of the few
known ways of simplifying the quantum mechanical many-body problem describing
excitation state and is applicable to an extremely wide range of many-body systems.
Calculation of the ground state from the Kohn–Sham equation does not result
automatically in correct prediction of excitation energies required for optics. For
example, in nonmetallic systems the predicted value of the energy difference (energy
gap) between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) in most cases is underestimated (gap problem).
Special corrections (quasiparticle, QP corrections) are required to get more accurate excitation energies [Onida et al. (2002)]. Without corrections in semiconductors
and insulators the local density approximation, LDA, substantially underestimates
forbidden gap values. In this chapter we present LDA results for optics with different QP corrections avoiding, however, detailed analysis of theoretical methods.
For advanced reading of the DFT one can recommend original papers [Hohenberg
and Kohn (1964); Kohn (1999); Ceperley and Adler (1980)] and the monographs
[McQuarrie (1976); Parr and Yang (1989); Martin (2004); Michaelides and Scheffler
(2008)].
This page intentionally left blank
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Appendix B
Evaluation of Optical Functions within
the Perturbation Theory
In this section we describe evaluation of the light-filled induced charge within perturbation theory using plane wave representation, which is used in this chapter for
calculations of optical functions (see section 2.7). Equilibrium electron charge density is defined through the density operator (using definition of Trace, T r, as a sum
of the diagonal elements):
neq (r) = eT r[ρ0 , δ(r − r 0 )].
(B.1)
Without illumination if the system is periodic (at least in one dimension) the density operator could be defined in energy representation on a set of Bloch functions
according to [Davydov (1980)]
ρ|s = ρ0 |k, l = f (Ek,l )|k, l,
where the equilibrium Fermi distribution function is given by
F −Es
−1
f (Es ) = e kT − 1
,
(B.2)
(B.3)
The Bloch functions
|s = |k, l = uk,l (k)eikr ,
(B.4)
are solutions of an undisturbed Schrödinger equation with periodic potential:
1 2
(B.5)
H0 |k, l = − ∇ + V0 (r) |k, l = Ek,l |k, l.
2
In an external optical field when light quanta strike electrically neutral atoms the
equilibrium is broken through the deformation of electron clouds. Time-dependent
changes of the electron charge density can be represented as Taylor expansion. The
number of the terms to be included into the Taylor sum for the induced part of the
charge depends on the excitation intensity:
n(r, t) = neq (r) + nind (r, t) = eT r[ρ, δ]
= eT r[ρ0 , δ] + eT r[ρ(1) , δ] + eT r[ρ(2) , δ] + . . .
(B.6)
The first- and higher-order corrections to the density operator are determined from
the standard perturbation theory:
dρ
= [H, ρ] = (Hρ − ρH),
(B.7)
i
dt
285
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Appendix B
286
with
H = H0 + V (1) + . . . ,
ρ = ρ0 + ρ(1) + ρ(2) + . . .
(B.8)
In Eq. (B.7) for simplicity we neglected the effect of energy dissipation, which could
be included through the relaxation time. Plugging (B.8) in (B.7) and choosing terms
of the same order on both the left and right side of the equation of motion for the
density operator, Eq. (B.7) splits into a series of equations for zero, first, second,
etc., orders of perturbations, respectively:
iρ̇0 = [H0 , ρ0 ],
iρ̇(1) = H0 , ρ(1) + V (1) , ρ0
iρ̇(2) = H0 , ρ(2) + V (1) , ρ(1)
(B.9)
Dynamic optical response is described through the time-dependent density operator.
In an external electromagnetic field the perturbation is harmonic, i.e.,
ρ(t) = ρ(0)eiωt ,
iρ̇(ω) = −ωρ(ω).
(B.10)
It is convenient now to switch to the matrix representation in Eq. (B.10) by projecting the relevant quantities on a set of Bloch functions in Eq. (2.68). To this
end one should multiply every term in Eq. (B.10) with the function Eq. (2.68);
the complex conjugate of Eq. (2.68) is then multiplied on the left and right side of
the relevant equation. Through integration over the entire space and by taking into
account orthonormality conditions for Bloch functions, this leads to the following
expression for the first-order terms:
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Vst ρ0ts −
ρ0sp Vps ,
(B.11)
−ωρss = (Es − Es )ρss +
t
p
The density operator defined as Eq. (B.2) in matrix presentation has the form
(0)
ρss = f (Es )δss .
(B.12)
Equation (B.11) is now transformed into
(1)
(1)
−ωρss = (Es − Es )ρss + [f (Es ) − f (Es )] Vss .
(B.13)
At zero temperature, optical excitations occur between completely filled and empty
states with Fermi functions equal to either 1 or zero, respectively. Consequently,
f (Es ) − f (Es )
(1)
Vss = (Es − Es − ω)−1 Vss |T =0 .
(B.14)
ρss (ω) =
Es − Es − ω
For the second-order perturbation one needs to use the first-order solution
Eq. (B.14). Plugging it into Eq. (B.10) after some algebra leads to the following expressions at T = 0:
(1) (1)
(1) (1)
(2)
(2)
Vss ρs s −
ρss Vs s ,
(B.15)
−ωρss = (Es − Es )ρss +
s
s
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Appendix B
or
(2)
ρss (ω) =
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
287
(1) (1)
1
1
[Vss Vs s (
Es − Es − ω Es − Es − ω
s
1
)].
−
Es − Es − ω
(B.16)
Equations (B.14) and (B.16) can be used now to obtain induced charge density from
Eq. (B.6) within the first and second order of external perturbation, respectively.
The first- and second-order contributions to the induced charge density in Eq. (B.6)
follow from (B.14) and (B.16), respectively. In a system with a periodicity the
perturbation potential is given by
∞
V (q + G, ω)ei(q+G)r dω,
(B.17)
V (r, t) =
qG
−∞
where G is the reciprocal lattice vector. For Fourier transform of the potential
∞
V (r, ω)eiωt ,
(B.18)
V (r, t) =
−∞
the expansion of the potential is given by
V (r, ω) =
V (q + G, ω)ei(q+G)r .
(B.19)
qG
In a periodic system with all equivalent atoms separated by Ri one has for the
charge:
neq (r 0 + Ri ) = neq (r 0 ),
with
n(r) =
eiqr n(q) =
q
eiqr
q
(B.20)
δqG n(G).
(B.21)
G
For induced charge density in (B.6) we have
nind (r, ω) =
nind (q + G, ω)ei(q+G)r .
(B.22)
qG
Where Fourier transform of the induced charge is given by Fourier integral by
(B.23)
nind (q + G, ω) = nind (r, ω)e−i(q+G)r d3 r,
Linear part of the induced charge in (B.23) follows from (B.6)
nind (q + G, ω) = e T r ρ(1) (ω), δ(r − r) e−i(q+G)r d3 r = eT r ρ(1) (ω), e−i(q+G)r ,
(B.24)
The trace of the operator product is calculated according to
T r ÂB̂ =
m|ÂB̂|m =
Amn Bnm .
(B.25)
m
m
n
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Appendix B
288
Eq. (B.24) projected on the plane wave basis 2.68 can be represented as
nind = nind (q + G, ω)
−i(q+G)r =e
l , k + q|ρ(1)
ω |k, ll, k|δ(r − r)|k + q, l e
k+q k,l
=e
l , k + q|ρ(1)
ω |k, ll, k|
=e
ei(r−r )G e−i(q+G)r |k + q, l G
k+q k,l
−i(q+G)r
l , k + q|ρ(1)
|k + q, l .
ω |k, ll, k|e
(B.26)
k+q k,l
In (B.26) the bracket notation means space integration. We also used the definition
of the δ function:
ei(r−r )G .
(B.27)
δ (r − r ) =
G
Now Eq. (B.14) can be written as
f [El (k + q)] − f [El (k)] l , k + q|V (r, ω)|k, l
El (k + q) − El (k) − ω − iη
f [El (k + q)] − f [El (k)]
=
El (k + q) − El (k) − ω − iη
×
V (q + G, ω)l , k + q|ei(q+G)r |k, l.
(B.28)
l , k + q|ρ(1)
ω |k, l =
q,G
The complex part of the energy in the denominator of Eq. (B.28) is introduced
to prevent unphysical divergences at resonance frequencies. Plugging (B.28) into
(B.26) we arrive at the following expression for the induced charge:
nind (q + G, ω) = e
PG,G V (q + G, ω).
(B.29)
G
Using the notation (k = k + q) the polarization function is defined as
PG,G (ω) =
l , k |ei(q+G)r |k, ll, k|ei(q+G )r |k , l k ,k l ,l
×
f [El (k + q)] − f [El (k)]
.
El (k + q) − El (k) − (ω + iη)
(B.30)
Evaluation of the full polarization function is given in Appendix C. Full potential
in materials can be separated into two parts, the external and induced potential:
V (q + G, ω) = Vext (q + G, ω) + Vind (q + G, ω).
(B.31)
The Eq. (B.31) can be understood as a reduction (screening) of external potential
through the induced charge in materials. This can be presented in terms of dielectric
function:
ε−1
(B.32)
V (q + G, ω) =
G,G Vext (q + G , ω),
G
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Appendix B
or
Vext (q + G , ω) =
εG,G V (q + G, ω),
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
289
(B.33)
G
Equations (B.32) and (B.33) can be considered as the microscopic definition of the
dielectric function. The described computation of ε presents a transformation from
the microscopic (atom-related) quantities to the macroscopic values used in classical
electrodynamics theory. For advanced reading related to the definition of the optical
function within the first-principles theory, one can recommend [Martin (2004); Yu
and Cardona (2010)] or original papers (see e.g. [Onida et al. (2002); Gavrilenko
and Bechstedt (1997)] and references therein).
The induced potential satisfies the Poisson equation:
Vind (q + G, ω) =
4π
nind (q + G, ω).
|q + G|2
From Eqs. (B.29), (B.31), (B.33), and (B.34) we obtain
4π
PG,G V (q + G, ω)
V (q + G, ω) =
εG,G (ω) +
|q + G|2
G
δG,G V (q + G, ω).
=
(B.34)
(B.35)
G
The dielectric function can now be expressed in terms of the polarization function:
εG,G (ω) = δG,G −
4π
PG,G .
|q + G|2
(B.36)
This page intentionally left blank
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Appendix C
Local Field Effect in Optics of Solids from
the First Principles
Local field (LF) effect plays a key role in the optics of nanostructures. Description
of the LF effect within classical electrodynamics is presented in many monographs
and research papers (see Chapter 3 and references therein). The classical approach,
however, cannot include optical excitations on the atomic scale in the whole picture.
Electronic excitations are increasingly important in the optics of nanomaterials with
reduction of the dimensions of nanostructures, thus requiring microscopic modeling.
This section presents the evaluation of the optical dielectric function, including the
LF effect within the perturbation theory (see section B).
The formula for the polarization function (see Eq. (B.30)) can be presented as
2 k ,k
∗k,k
Bn ,n (q + G)Bn,n
PG,G (ω) =
(q + G )
Ω k ,k n ,n
f [El (k + q)] − f [El (k)]
.
El (k + q) − El (k) − (ω + iη)
The Bloch integrals in Eq. (C.1) are defined as
×
(C.1)
,k
Bnk ,n
(q + G) = n , k |ei(q+G)r |k, n
1
(C.2)
=
ψn∗ ,k (r)ei(q+G)r ψn,k d3 r.
Ω
In plane wave representation (2.68) neglecting the umklapp processes (the nonconserving crystal momentum electron–electron scattering) [Bechstedt (2003)] and in
the limit of q → 0 the Bloch integrals have an extremely simple form, given by
k ,k
(G) =
d∗c,k (G1 )dv,k (G1 − G).
(C.3)
Bc,v
G1
Indexes c and v in Eq. (C.3) denote empty antibonding (conducting) and filled
bonding (valence) electron states, respectively, at zero temperature. By derivation
of Eq. (C.3) we used the following properties of direct and reciprocal lattice vectors:
Gi Rj = 2πδij
eiGj Rj = 1
ei(k −k+q)Ri =
δk −k+q,Gi
Ri
Gi
291
(C.4)
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Appendix C
292
Equation (C.1) at zero temperature takes the following form:
k ,k
∗k,k
2 Bn ,n (q + G)Bn,n (q + G )
.
PG,G (ω) =
Ω El (k + q) − El (k) − (ω + iη)
(C.5)
k ,k n ,n
From the orthonormality of the wave functions follow the properties of Bloch integrals:
k ,k
Bc,v
(0) =
d∗c,k (G1 )dv,k (G1 ) = 0,
G1
N
2
k ,k
Bn ,n (q + G) = 1.
(C.6)
n =1 k
For G = 0 and in the limit q → 0 the Bloch integrals have the following properties:
3
k ,k
(q) = δk,k lim i
lim Bc,v
q→0
q→0
=
qα c, k|rα |k, v
α=1
3
δk,k
lim
qα c, k|vα |k, v,
Ec (k) − Ev (k) q→0 α=1
(C.7)
k ,k
Bc,v
(qα )
1
lim
=
c, k|vα |k, v.
q→0
|qα |
Ec (k) − Ev (k)
Here we used the general definition of velocity (or momentum) [Adolph et al. (1996)]
given by
1
H, eiqr .
(C.8)
v = lim
q→0 q
At the limit the velocity is given by
v = i [H, r] .
(C.9)
After projecting on the full set of eigen functions of the Hamiltonian it follows that
nk| [H, rα ] |n k =
nk|H|m, lm, l|rα |n k m,l
−
nk|rα |m , l m , l |H|n k (C.10)
m ,l
= (Enk − En k )nk|rα |n k .
Equation (C.11) represents the relationship between matrix elements of the velocity
and of the induced dipole momentum, which could be used to obtain the relationship
between optical functions calculated in velocity and length gauges [Gavrilenko and
Bechstedt (1997)].
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Appendix D
Optical Field Hamiltonian in Second
Quantization Representation
If there are resonances of electromagnetic field within a cavity the entire field can
be presented as a superposition of single modes in the following form [Jaynes and
Cummins (1963)]:
√ pj (t)E j (r),
(D.1)
E(r, t) = − 4π
j
√ H(r, t) = 4π
ωj qj (t)H j (r).
(D.2)
j
The total energy of the field is given by
1
1 2
H=
(|E|2 + |H|2 )d3 r =
(p + ωj2 qj2 )
8π
2 j j
(D.3)
The Hamiltonian equation of motion is given by
∂H
= pj ,
∂pj
∂H
p˙j = −
= −ωj2 qj .
∂qj
q˙j =
(D.4)
Mathematically, quantization of the field is represented by commutations rules for
the canonically conjugated coordinates and momenta:
[qi , qj ] = 0,
[pi , pj ] = 0,
[qi , pj ] = iδij .
(D.5)
The Hamiltonian of an optical field is convenient to present in terms of second
quantization operators, the Bosonic operators of creation (â†j ) and annihilation (âj )
of photons using the definitions [Davydov (1976)]
ωj (D.6)
âj + â†j ,
pj =
2
ωj ωj qj = i
(D.7)
âj − â†j ,
2
with commutation rule
[âi , â†j ] = δij .
293
(D.8)
December 22, 2010
294
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Appendix D
The properties of âi operators are described through their action on state vector
φ(n1 , n2 , . . . ni . . .) according to
√
âi φ(n1 , . . . ni−1 , ni , ni+1 . . .) = ni φ(n1 , . . . ni−1 , ni−1 , ni+1 . . .),
√
â†i φ(n1 , . . . ni−1 , ni , ni+1 . . .) = ni + 1φ(n1 , . . . ni−1 , ni+1 , ni+1 . . .).
The Hamiltonian of the quantized optical field is now given by
1
†
ωi âi âi +
H=
.
2
i
(D.9)
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Appendix E
Surface Plasmons and Surface Plasmon
Polaritons
Collective electronic excitations (also known as plasma excitations) at metal surfaces and/or metal/dielectric interfaces play a key role in the optics of nanomaterials, ranging from physics and materials science to biology. A unified theoretical
description of these phenomena is based on the many-body dynamical electronic
response of solids (see section B of the Appendix), which underlines the existence of
various collective electronic excitations at metal surfaces, such as the conventional
surface plasmon, multipole plasmons, and the acoustic surface plasmon. A detailed
description of the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) phenomena and its applications
in modern optical spectroscopy is out of the scope of the present book. Several specialized monographs and reviews can be recommended for advanced reading [Tudos
and Schasfoort (2008); Pitarke et al. (2007); Liebsch (1997); Ritchie (1973); Venger
et al. (1999); Raether (1988)]. Here we present the basic conditions and properties
of SPP that follow from classical electrodynamics.
Consider a model consisting of two semi-infinite nonmagnetic media with local (frequency-dependent) dielectric functions εd (ω) (dielectric) and εm (ω) (metal)
separated by a planar interface at z = 0 [Pitarke et al. (2007)]. The full set of
Maxwell’s equations in the absence of external sources can be expressed as follows
[Jackson (1975)]:
1 ∂
En,
c ∂t
1 ∂
H n,
∇ × En = −
c ∂t
∇ · (εn E n ) = 0,
∇ × Hn = ε
∇ · H n = 0,
(E.1)
(E.2)
(E.3)
(E.4)
where the index n = d in dielectric (at z < 0) and n = m in metal (at z ≥ 0).
Within the classical picture, the metal can be treated as a semi-infinite electron
gas with an abruptly terminated profile of the electron density function. The surface
charge density (see Eq. (B.1)) on the metal–dielectric interface can be presented as
Liebsch (1997); Raether (1988)
n(r, ω) ≈ ejq r δ(z).
295
(E.5)
December 22, 2010
296
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Appendix E
The electric field associated with the density Eq. (E.5) is given by the Gauss
law, which follows from Eq. (E.3) in the presence of charge:
∇ · E(r, ω) = −4πn(r, ω).
(E.6)
Neglecting the retardation effects only the longitudinal plasma oscillations are
considered here. In terms of the scalar potential φ the electric field is given by
E(r, ω) = ∇ · φ(r, ω).
(E.7)
For the choosen model system the potential φ is given by
φ(r, ω) = ejq r φ(z, ω)
(E.8)
The z components of the field decay evanescently into both media. This follows
from the electroneutrality since ∇2 φ = 0 must be valid everywhere except at z = 0
[Liebsch (1997)]. Consequently the potential in Eq. (E.8) must be taken in the
form
φ(r, ω) = φ0 ejq r e−q|z| ,
(E.9)
where q ≡ qz . In this case the field determined by Eqs. (E.7) and (E.9) varies
continuously within the interface, however, the normal component is discontinuous.
The components above and below the interface are given by
Ez (z + 0) = q φ0 ejq r ,
Ez (z − 0) = −q φ0 ejq r .
(E.10)
The field and charge distribution for such a surface mode is represented in
Fig. E.1.
In the long-wavelength limit the boundary condition can be written as
εm (ω)Ez (0− ) = εd Ez (0+ ).
(E.11)
For the metal–vacuum interface (i.e., by εd = 1) the condition for the existence
of the surface plasmons followed from Eqs. (E.10) and (E.11) now reads
εm (ω) = −1.
(E.12)
Fig. E.1 Schematic of charge and field distribution for a surface plasmon described by Eq. (E.9).
Adapted from [Hofmann (2008)]
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Appendix E
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
297
Equation (E.12) defines the frequency of the surface plasmon in the q = 0
limit [Liebsch (1997)]. Dielectric dispersion in metal can be described by the Drude
model (see Eq. (2.53) in section 2.5), which can be written in the form
ωp2
(E.13)
ω(ω + jΓ)
Pluging the Eq. (E.12) into Eq. (E.13) results
ωp
ωs = √
(E.14)
2
The plasma frequency ωp is given by Eq. (2.54) (see section 2.5). The existence
of the electronic excitations on the interfaces was predicted by Ritchie (1957). If
the overlayer has the dielectric constant εd > 1 the condition Eq. (E.12) is given by
εm (ω) = 1 −
εm (ω) = −εd
(E.15)
Consequently, the surface plasmon frequency is redshifted according to
ωp
ωs = √
.
(E.16)
εd + 1
This redshift has been observed on different metal–dielectric interfaces (see e.g.
[Ritchie (1973); Pitarke et al. (2007); Raether (1988)] and references therein). It is
a key point of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based sensing spectroscopic tools
widely used for different fundamental and applied studies (see section 10.5)
Consider now the dispersion of surface plasmons. The solution of the system Eqs.
(E.1) to (E.4) will be separated into s- (E vector perpendicular) and p-polarized (E
vector parallel to the plane of incidence) EM modes. If there is a wave propagating
along the interface, it should contain the electric field E component perpendicular
to the interface (the p-polarized mode) and thus the s mode is not relevant. Consequently, the problem is now formulated as the search for the conditions of the
propagation of the p-polarized EM wave along the interface. Choosing the wave
propagation direction along the x-axis the solution should be taken in the form
[Pitarke et al. (2007)]
0
0
, 0, En,z
)ej(qn x−ωt) e−kn |z| ,
E n = (En,x
Hn =
0
(0, Hn,y
, 0)ej(qn x−ωt) e−kn |z| ,
(E.17)
(E.18)
where qn denotes a two-dimensional wave vector q of the wave propagating along
the interface.
Substituting Eqs. (E.17) and (E.18) into Eqs. (E.1) to (E.4) results in the
following set of equations:
ω
(E.19)
kd Hd,y = εd Ed,x ,
c
ω
km Hm,y = − εm Em,x ,
(E.20)
c
and
ω 2
.
(E.21)
kn = qn2 − εn
c
December 22, 2010
298
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Appendix E
The standard boundary conditions require that the components of both electric
and magnetic fields must be continuous [Jackson (1975)]. Consequently, Eqs. (E.19)
and (E.20) result in
kd
km
Hd,y +
Hm,y = 0,
εd
εm
(E.22)
Hd,y = Hm,y
(E.23)
and
The system of Eqs. (E.22) and (E.23) has a solution if the determinant is equal
to zero:
εm
εd
+
=0
(E.24)
kd
km
Equation (E.24) represents the surface plasmon condition [Pitarke et al. (2007)].
The boundary conditions also require continuity of the two-dimensional wave vector
q in Eq. (E.21), i.e., qd = qm = q. Based on this condition and combining Eq.
(E.24) and Eq. (E.21) one arrives at
ω2
ω2
2
2
2
2
(E.25)
εd q − ε m 2 = εm q − ε d 2 .
c
c
Equation (E.25) leads to another widely used form of the surface plasmon condition [Ritchie and Eldridge (1962); Ritchie (1973)]:
εd εm
ω
.
(E.26)
q(ω) =
c εd + εm
For a metal–dielectric interface with the dielectric constant εd , the solution ω(q)
√
of Eq. (E.26) has a slope equal to c/ εd at the point q = 0 and is a monotonic
√
increasing function of q, which is always smaller than cq/ εd and for a large q is
asymptotic to the value given by the solution of
εd + εm = 0.
(E.27)
This is the nonretarded surface plasmon condition that follows from Eq. (E.24)
at kd = km = q. This is valid as long as the phase velocity is much smaller than
the speed of light, i.e., ω/q c.
It is instructive now to analyze the dispersion of the SPP propagation on the
interface between metal and dielectric. The q0 = ω/c equation represents the magnitude of the light wave vector. Assume that for the dielectric εd = 1. In this case
Eq. (E.26) yields
ω 2 − ωp2
ω
q(ω) =
.
(E.28)
c 2ω 2 − ωp2
The dispersion relation described by Eq. (E.28) is represented in Fig. E.2
[Hofmann (2008)].
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Appendix E
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
299
Fig. E.2 Bold solid lines represent the dispersion of light in the retarded (upper line) and the
nonretarded surface plasmon polariton regions (lower line). By the thin line the dispersion of light
striking the interface at different angles is shown. The
√ thin horizontal lines indicate the values of
bulk ωp and surface plasmon frequencies ωs = ωp / 2. (Adapted from [Hofmann (2008)]).
The upper solid line in Fig. E.2 represents the dispersion of light in solid. The
lower solid line is the surface plasmon polariton dispersion curve, which is given by
ω 2 (q) = ωs2 + c2 q 2 − ωs4 + c4 q 4
(E.29)
√
where ωs = ωp / 2 represents the classical nondispersive surface plasmon frequency.
In the retarded region (q < ωs /c), the surface plasmon polariton dispersion curve
approaches the light line (ω = cq , see the thin line in Fig. E.2). At short wavelengths where q ωs /c the surface plasmon polariton
√ approaches asymptotically
the nonretarded surface plasmon frequency ωs = ωp / 2 (see the horizontal dashed
line in Fig. E.2).
Important conclusions can be made regarding the excitation of the surface plasmon polaritons corresponding to the lower branch in Fig. E.2. The wave vector of
the SPPs has the value of the two-dimensional vector within the interface plane,
q . Depending on the angle of incidence it varies from q = 0 (normal incidence) to
|q | = q (for grazing incidence, qz = 0). The light dispersion will change from the
vertical line to that given by ω = cq (see Fig. E.2). For any other angle the light
dispersion is given by ω = c q2 + qz2 . Consequently, the light dispersion line and
the surface plasmon polariton dispersion curve never cross, and hence there cannot
be any excitation of SPP on an ideal interface considered above.
There are two basic approaches to generate SPP. It can be generated on a grating. Additional periodic profile on the surface causes modifications of the wave
December 22, 2010
300
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Appendix E
vector selection rules (like additional Bragg reflection in superlattices). According to the superperiodicity the dispersion curve will get folded, crossing the light
dispersion line and thus allowing excitation of the SPPs. This has been observed
experimentally by Wood at the beginning of the last century [Wood (1902)], and he
described it as an “anomalous diffraction gratings” effect [Wood (1935)]. The same
effect can be achieved by a rough surface that can be viewed as a superposition
of many gratings with different periodicities [Ritchie (1973); Venger et al. (1999);
Raether (1988)]. The excitation of the SPPs via surface roughness is thought to
play a role in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (see Chapter 6).
The other way to achieve the coupling is to use an optical system where the value
of the photon wave vector will increase, thus reducing the slope of the curve. Optical
systems with a total light reflection inside a prism mounted in a short distance over
the surface are widely used. In this case, an evanescent electric field penetrates the
gap between prism and surface. The field decays exponentially because the wave
vector contains an imaginary q value in the z direction (see the dashed line in Fig.
E.2). The complex value of the light wave vector causes slope decrease of the light
dispersion curve in Fig. E.2 that results in the situation when the light dispersion
line and the surface plasmon polariton dispersion curve cross, thus allowing the
excitation of the SPPs. Examples of the prism systems generating an evanescent
light field are shown in Figs. 3.20 and 10.3a. This design is widely used in SPRbased optical spectroscopic tools for materials characterization, biosensing, etc. (see
section 10.5).
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Bibliography
Achermann, M., Hollingsworth, J. A., and Klimov, V. I. (2003). Multiexcitons confined
within a subexcitonic volume: spectroscopic and dynamical signatures of neutral
and charged biexcitons in ultrasmall semiconductor nanocrystals, Phys. Rev. B 68,
p. 245302.
Adachi, S. (1999). Optical Constants of Crystalline and Amorphous Semiconductors: Numerical Data and Graphical Information (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell,
MA).
Adler, S. L. (1962). Quantum theory of the dielectric constant in real solid, Phys. Rev.
126, p. 413.
Adolph, B., Gavrilenko, V. I., Tenelsen, K., Bechstedt, F., and Sole, R. D. (1996). Nonlocality and many-body effects in the optical properties of semiconductors, Phys.
Rev. B 53, p. 9797.
Agranovich, V. M., Shen, Y. R., Baughman, R. H., and Zakhidov, A. A. (2004). Linear
and nonlinear wave propagation in negative refraction metamaterials, Phys. Rev. B
69, p. 165112.
Aikens, C. M., Li, S., and Schatz, G. C. (2008). From discrete electronic states to plasmons:
TDDFT optical absorption properties of Agn (n = 10, 20, 35, 56, 84, 120) tetrahedral
cluster, J. Phys. Chem. C 112, p. 11272.
Alivisatos, A. P. (1996). Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots, Science
271, p. 933.
Alivisatos, A. P. (2004). The use of nanocrystals in biological detection, Nat. Biotechnol.
22, p. 47.
Alivisatos, A. P., Gu, W., and Larabell, C. (2005). Quantum dots as cellular probes. Annu.
Rev. Biomed. Eng. 7, p. 55.
Allen, P. M., and Bawendi, M. G. (2008). Ternary I–III–VI quantum dots luminescent in
the red to near-infrared, J. Am. Chem. Soc 130, p. 9240.
Alu, A., and Engheta, N. (2005). Achieving transparency with plasmonic and metamaterial
coatings, Phy. Rev. E 72, p. 016623.
Ando, T. (1997). Excitons in carbon nanotubes, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 66, p. 1066.
Ando, T., Fowler, A. B., and Stern, F. (1982). Electronic properties of two-dimensional
system, Rev. Mod. Phys. 54, p. 437.
Andreani, L. C., Panzanini, G., and Gérard, J.-M. (1999). Strong-coupling
regime for quantum boxes in pillar microcavities: theory. Phys. Rev. B 60,
p. 13276.
Arici, E., Sariciftci, N. S., and Meissner, D. (2003). Hybrid solar cells based on nanoparticles of CuInS2 on organic matrices, Adv. Func. Mat. 13, p. 165.
301
December 22, 2010
302
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Bibliography
Arnaud, B., and Alouani, M. (2001). Local-field and excitonic effects in the calculated optical properties of semiconductors from first principles, Phys. Rev. B 63,
p. 85208.
Arora, A. K., Rajalakshmi, M., Ravindran, T. R., and Sivasubramanian, V. (2007). Raman
spectroscopy of optical phonon confinement in nanostructured materials, J. Raman
Spectr. 38, p. 604.
Asanuma, H., Noguchi, H., Uosaki, K., and Yu, H.-Z. (2008). Metal cation-induced deformation of DNA self-assembled monolayers on silicon: vibrational sum frequency
generation spectroscopy, JACS 130, p. 9016.
Ascencio, J. A., Perez-Alvarez, M., Molina, L. M., Santiago, P., and Jose-Yacaman, M.
(2003). Structural models of inorganic fullerene-like structures, Surf. Sci. 526, p.
243.
Aspnes, D. E. (1972). Linearized third-derivative spectroscopy with depletion-barrier modulation, Phys. Rev. Lett 28, p. 913.
Ataka, K., and Heberle, J. (2003). Electrochemically induced surface-enhanced infrared
difference absorption (SEIDA) spectroscopy of a protein monolayer. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 125, p. 4986.
Ataka, K., and Heberle, J. (2004). Functional vibrational spectroscopy of a cytochrome
c monolayer: SEIDAS probes the interaction with different surface-modified electrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, p. 9445.
Avramenko, V. G., Dolgova, T. V., Nikulin, A. A., Fedyanin, A. A., Aktsipetrov, O. A.,
Pudonin, A. F., Sutyrin, A. G., Prohorov, D. Y., and Lomov, A. A. (2006).
Subnanometer-scale size effects in electronic spectra of Si/SiO2 multiple quantum
wells: Interferometric second-harmonic generation spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. B 73,
p. 155231.
Bake, K. D., and R.Walt, D. (2008). Multiplexed spectroscopic detections, Ann. Rev. Anal.
Chem. 1, p. 515.
Banin, U., Lee, J. C., Guzelian, A. A., Kadavanich, A. V., and Alivisatos, A. P. (1997).
Exchange interaction in inas nanocrystal quantum dots, Superlattices Microstruct.
22, p. 559.
Banin, U., and Millo, O. (2003). Tunneling and optical spectroscopy of semiconductod
nanocrystals, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 54, p. 465.
Bansal, A., Yang, H., Li, C., Cho, K., Benicewicz, B. C., Kumar, S. K., and Schadler,
L. S. (2005). Quantitative equivalence between polymer nanocomposites and thin
polymer films, Nature Materials 4, p. 693.
Bardoux, R., Guillet, T., Gil, B., Lefebvre, P., Bretagnon, T., Taliercio, T., Rousset, S.,
and Semond, F. (2008). Polarized emission from GaN/AlN quantum dots: single-dot
spectroscopy and symmetry-based theory, Phys. Rev. B 77, p. 235315.
Barford, W. (2005). Electronic and Optical Properties of Conjugated Polymers (Clarendon
Press, Oxford).
Barth, J. V., Costantini, G., and Kern, K. (2005). Engineering atomic and molecular
nanostructures at surfaces, Nature 437, p. 671.
Bates, F. S., and Fredrickson, G. H. (1999). Block copolymers—designer soft materials,
Phys. Today , 2, p. 32.
Baughman, R. H., Zakhidov, A. A., and Heer, W. A. (2002). Carbon nanotubes—the route
toward applications, Science 279, p. 787.
Bayer, M., Ortner, G., Stern, O., Kuther, A., Gorbunov, A. A., Forchel, A., Hawrylak, P.,
Fafard, S., Hinzer, K., Reinecke, T. L., Walck, S. N., Reithmaier, J. P., Klopf, F., and
Schäfer, F. (2002). Fine structure of neutral and charged excitons in self-assembled
In(Ga)As/(Al)GaAs quantum dots, Phys. Rev. B 65, p. 195315.
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Bibliography
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
303
Bechstedt, F. (2003). Principles of Surface Physics (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg).
Bellessa, J., Voliotis, V., Grousson, R., Wang, X. L., Ogura, M., and Matsuhata, H. (1995).
High spatial resolution spectroscopy of a single V-shaped quantum wire, Appl. Phys.
Lett. 71, p. 2481.
Benten, W., Nilius, N., Ernst, N., and Freud, H.-J. (2005). Phys. Rev. B 72, p. 045403.
Bernardini, F., Fiorentini, V., and Vanderbilt, D. (1997). Spontaneous polarization and
piezoelectric constants of III–V nitrides, Phys. Rev. B 56, p. R10024.
Bethe, H., and Salpeter, E. (1951). A relativistic equation for bound-state problems, Phys.
Rev. 84, p. 1232.
Bhaviripudi, S., Qi, J., Hu, E. L., and Belche, A. M. (2006). Synthesis, characterization,
and optical properties of ordered arrays of IIi-nitride nanocrystals, Nano. Lett. 7,
p. 3512.
Bir, G. L., and Pikus, G. E. (1975). Symmetry and Strain-Induced Effects in Semiconductors (Wiley, New York).
Bloembergen, N. (1982). Nonlinear optics and spectroscopy, Rev. Mod. Phys. 54, p. 685.
Bloembergen, N. (1965). Nonlinear Optics (Benjamin, New York).
Boca, A., Miller, R., Birnbaum, K. M., Boozer, A. D., McKeever, J., and Kimble, H. J.
(2004). Observation of the vacuum Rabi spectrum for one trapped atom, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 93, p. 233603.
Bohr, M. T. (2002). Nanotechnology goals and challenges for electronic applications. IEEE
Trans. Nanotechnol. 1, p. 52.
Boldt, K., Bruns, O. T., Gaponik, N., and Eychmüller, A. (2006). Comparative examination of the stability of semiconductor quantum dots in various biochemical buffers,
J. Phys. Chem. B 110, p. 1959.
Bongiorno, A., Pasquarello, A., Hybertson, M. S., and Feldman, L. C. (2003). Validity of
the bond-energy picture for the energetics at Si–SiO2 interfaces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90,
p. 186101.
Borensztein, Y., Pluchery, O., and Witkowski, N. (2005). Probing the Si–Si dimer breaking
of Si(100)2×1 surfaces upon molecule adsorption by optical spectroscopy, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 95, p. 117402.
Born, M., and Wolf, E. (1999). The Principles of Optics, 7th edn. (Cambridge University
Press).
Bosbach, J., Martin, D., Stietz, F., Wenzel, T., and Träger, F. (1999). Laser-based
method for fabricating monodisperse metallic nanoparticles, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74,
p. 2605.
Bowden, C. M., and Dowling, J. P. (1993). Near-dipole–dipole effects in dense media:
generalized Maxwell–Bloch equation, Phys. Rev. A 47, p. 1247.
Boyd, G. T., Yu, Z. H., and Shen, Y. R. (1986). Photoinduced luminescence from noble
metals and its enhancement on rough surfaces, Phys. Rev. B 33, p. 7923.
Boyd, R. W. (1992). Nonlinear Optics (Academic Press).
Brabec, C. J., Padinger, F., Sariciftci, N. S., and Hummelen, J. C. (1999). Photovoltaic properties of conjugated polymer/methanofullerene composites embedded
in a polystyrene matrix, J.Appl. Phys. 85, pp. 6866–6872.
Bradley, J. S., Hill, E. W., Chaudret, B., and Duteil, A. (2000). Surface chemistry on colloidal metals. Reversible adsorbate-induced surface composition changes in colloidal
palladium–copper alloys, J. Phys. Chem. B 104, p. 2201.
Bredas, J.-L., Cornil, J., Beljonne, D., dos Santos, D. A., and Shuai, Z.
(1999). Excited-state electronic structure of conjugated oligomers and polymers:
A quantum-chemical approach to optical phenomena, Acc. Chem. Res. 32,
p. 267.
December 22, 2010
304
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Bibliography
Bruchez, M., Moronne, M., P, P. G., Weiss, S., and Alivisatos, A. P. (1998). Semiconductor
nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels, Science 281, p. 2013.
Brune, M., Hagley, E., Dreyer, J., Maitre, X., Maali, A., Wunderlich, C., Raimond, J. M.,
and Haroche, S. (1996). Observing the progressive decoherence of the meter in a
quantum measurement, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, p. 4887.
Brus, L. E. (1983). A simple model for the ionization potential, electron affinity, and
aqueous redox potentials of small semiconductor crystallites, J. Chem. Phys. 79,
p. 5566.
Brus, L. E. (1998). Chemical approaches to semiconductor nanocrystals, J. Phys. Chem.
Solids 59, p. 459.
Brust, M., and Kiely, C. J. (2002). Some recent advances in nanostructure preparation
from gold and silver particles: a short topical review, Colloids and Surfaces 202,
p. 175.
Buczko, R., Pennycook, S. J., and Pandelides, S. T. (2000). Bonding arrangements at the
Si–SiO2 and SiC–SiO2 interfaces and a possible origin of their contrasting properties,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, p. 943.
Burda, C., Chen, X., Narayanan, R., and El-Sayed, M. A. (2005). Chemistry and properties
of nanocrystals of different shapes, Chem. Rev. 105, p. 1025.
Burns, A. A., Vider, J., Ow, H., Herz, E., Penate-Medina, O., Baumgart, M., Larson,
S. M., Wiesner, U., and Bradbury, M. (2008). Fluorescent silica nanoparticles with
efficient urinary excretion for nanomedicine, Nano Lett. 9, p. 442.
Cabot, A., Smith, R. K., Yin, Y., Zheng, H., Reinhard, B. M., Liu, H., and Alivisatos,
A. P. (2008). Sulfidation of cadmium at the nanoscale, ACSNano 2, p. 1452.
Caetano, E. W. S., Freire, V. N., Farias, G. A., and da Silva Jr., E. F. (2004). Exciton
confinement in InGaN/GaN cylindrical quantumwires, Brazilian J. Phys. 34, p. 702.
Cai, W., Chettiar, U. K., Kildishev, A. V., and Shalaev, V. M. (2007). Optical cloaking
with metamaterials, Nature Photonics 1, p. 224.
Calcott, P. D. J., Nash, K. J., Canham, L. T., Kane, M. J., and Brumhead, D. (1993).
Identification of radiative transitions in highly porous silicon, J. Phys. C 5, p. L91.
Camden, J. P., Dieringer, J. A., Wang, Y., Masiello, D. J., Marks, L. D., Schatz, G. C., and
Duyne, R. P. V. (2008). Probing the structure of single-molecule surface-enhanced
Raman scattering hot spots, JACS 130, p. 12616.
Campbell, I. H., and Fauchet, P. M. (1986). The effects of microcrystal size and shape on
the one phonon Raman spectra of crystalline semiconductors, Solid State Commun.
58, p. 739.
Cao, P., Sun, Y., and Gu, R. (2005). Investigations of chemisorption and reaction at nonaqueous electrochemical interfaces by in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,
J. Raman Spectr. 36, p. 725.
Cao, X., Li, C. M., Bao, H., Bao, Q., and Dong, H. (2007). Fabrication of strongly fluorescent quantum dot-polymer composite in aqueous solution, Chem. Mater. 19,
p. 3773.
Cardona, M. (1969). Modulation spectroscopy (Academic press).
Cardona, M. (1982). Resonance phenomena, in M. Cardona and G. Güntherodt (eds.),
Light Scattering in Solids II, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol. 50 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg), p. 19.
Cardona, M., Christensen, N. E., and Fasol, G. (1988). Relativistic band structure
and spin-orbit splitting of zinc-blende-type semiconductors, Phys. Rev. B 38,
p. 1806.
Cardona, M., Grimsditch, M., and Olego, D. (1979). Theoretical and experimental determination of Raman scattering cross sections in simple solids, in J. L. Birman, H. Z.
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Bibliography
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
305
Cummins and K. K. Rebane (eds.), Light Scattering in Solids (Plenum, New York),
p. 249.
Ceperley, D. M., and Adler, B. J. (1980). Ground state of electron gas by a stochastic
method, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, pp. 566–569.
Chamberlain, M. P., Trallero-Giner, C., and Cardona, M. (1995). Theory of onphonon Raman scattering in semiconductor microcrystallites, Phys. Rev. B 51,
p. 1680.
Chan, W. C. W., Maxwell, D. J., Gao, X., Bailey, R. E., Han, M., and Nie, S. (2002).
Luminescent quantum dots for multiplexed biological detection and imaging, Curr.
Op. Biotechn. 13, p. 40.
Chen, Y.-H., Tseng, Y.-H., and Yeh, C.-S. (2002). Laser-induced alloying AuPd and AgPd
colloidal mixtures: the formation of dispersed Au/Pd and Ag/Pd nanoparticles, J.
Mater. Chem. 12, p. 1419.
Cheng, W., and Ren, S.-F. (2002). Calculations on the size effects of Raman intensities of
silicon quantum dots, Phys. Rev. B 65, p. 205305.
Cheng, W., Ren, S.-F., and Yu, P. Y. (2003). Theoretical investigation of the surface
vibrational modes in germanium nanocrystals, Phys. Rev. B 68, p. 193309.
Cocoletzi, G. H., and Mochan, W. L. (2005). Excitons: from excitations at surfaces to
confinement in nanostructures, Surf. Sci. Rep. 57, p. 1.
Cohen-Tannoudji, C., Dupont-Roc, J., and Grynberg, G. (1992). Atom-Photon Interactions (John Wiley and Sons, New York).
Comas, F., and Trallero-Giner, C. (2003). Interface optical phonons in spherical quantumdot/quantum-well heterostructures, Phys. Rev. B 67, p. 115301.
Cooper, M. (2002). Optical biosensors in drug discovery, Nature Review. Drug Discovery
515, p. 1.
Coropceanu, V., Cornil, J., da Silva Fino, D. A., Oliver, Y., Silbey, R., and Bredas, J.-L.
(2007). Charge transport in organic semiconductors, Chem. Rev. 107, p. 926.
Crozier, K. B., Sundaramurthy, A., Kino, G. S., and Quate, C. F. (2003). Optical antennas:
resonators for local field enhancement, J. Appl. Phys. 94, p. 4632.
Cumberland, S. L., Berettini, M. G., Javier, A., and Strouse, G. F. (2003). Synthesis and
characterization of a 1:6 Au–CdSe nanocomposite, Chem. Mater. 15, p. 1047.
Cummings, F. W. (1965). Stimulated emission of radiation in a single mode, Phys. Rev.
140, p. A1051.
Czajkowski, G., Bassani, F., and Silvestry, L. (2001). Electric and magnetic field effects on
optical properties of excitons in parabolic quantum wells and quantum dots, Phys.
Stat. Sol. (a) 188, p. 1281.
Dabbousi, B. O., Rodriguez-Viejo, J., Mikulec, F. V., Heone, J. R., Mattousi, H., Ober,
R., Jensen, K. F., and Bawedi, M. G. (1997). (CdSe)ZnS core-shell quantum dots:
synthesis and characterization of a size series of highly luminescent nanocrystallites,
J. Phys. Chem. 101, p. 9463.
Dai, H. (2002). Carbon nanotubes: opportunities and challenges, Surf. Sci. 500, p. 218.
Dai, Z. R., Sun, S., and Wang, Z. L. (2001). Phase transformation, coalescence, and
twinning of monodisperse FePt nanocrystals, Nano Lett. 1, p. 443.
Daniel, M.-C., and Astruc, D. (2004). Gold nanoparticles: Assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis,
and nanotechnology, Chem. Rev. 104, p. 293.
Davis, M. E. (2002). Ordered porous materials for emerging applications, Nature 417,
p. 813.
Davydov, A. S. (1976). Quantum mechanics, 2nd edn. (Pergamon Press, New York).
Davydov, A. S. (1980). Solid State Theory (Academic Press, New York).
December 22, 2010
306
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Bibliography
Davydov, V. Y., Klochikhin, A. A., Emtsev, V. V., Kurdyukov, D. A., Ivanov, S. V.,
Vekshin, V. A., Bechstedt, F., Furthmüller, J., Aderhold, J., Graul, J., Mudryi,
A. V., Harima, H., Hashimoto, A., Yamamoto, A., and Haller, E. E. (2002a). Band
gap of hexagonal InN and InGaN alloys, Physica Status Solidi (b) 234, p. 787.
Davydov, V. Y., Klochikhin, A. A., Seisyan, R. P., Emtsev, V. V., Ivanov, S. V., Bechstedt,
F., Furthmüller, J., Harima, H., Mudryi, A. V., Aderhold, J., Semchinova, O., and
Graul, J. (2002b). Absorption and emission of hexagonal InN. Evidence of narrow
fundamental band gap, Physica Status Solidi (b) 229, p. R1.
Deng, D., and Lee, J. Y. (2008). Hollow core-shell mesospheres of crystalline SnO2 nanoparticle aggregates for high capacity Li+ ion storage, Chem. Mat. 20, p. 1841.
Delerue, C., Lannoo, M., and Allan, G. (2000). Excitonic and Quasiparticle Gap in Si
Nanocrystals, Phys. Rev. Lett, 84, p. 2457.
Depine, R. A., and Lakhtakia, A. (2004). A new condition to identify isotropic dielectricmagnetic materials displaying negative phase velocity, Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett.
41, p. 315.
Devaty, R. P., and Choyke, W. J. (1997). Optical characterization of silicon carbide polytypes, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 162, p. 5.
Dieringer, J. A., Wustholz, K. L., Masiello, D. J., Camden, J. P., Kleinman, S. L., Schatz,
G. C., and Duyne, R. P. V. (2009). Surface-enhanced Raman excitation spectroscopy
of a single rhodamine 6G molecule, JACS 131, p. 849.
DiLella, D. P., Gohin, A., Lipson, R. H., McBreen, P., and Moskovitz, M. (1980). Enhanced
Raman spectroscopy of CO adsorbed on vapor-deposited silver, J. Chem. Phys. 73,
p. 4282.
Dmitriev, A., Hägglund, C., Chen, S., Fredriksson, H., Pakizeh, T., Käll, M., and Sutherland, D. S. (2008). Biomolecular recognition based on single gold nanoparticle light
scattering, Nano Lett. 8, p. 3893.
Dong, L., Subramanian, A., and Nelson, B. J. (2007). Carbonanotubes for nanorobotic,
Nano Today 2, p. 12.
Dovbeshko, G. I., Chegel, V. I., Gridina, N. Y., Repnytska, O. P., Shirshov, Y. M., and
Tryndiak, V. P. (2002). Surface enhanced IR absorption of nucleic acids from tumor
cells: FTIR reflectance study. Biopolymers 67, p. 470.
Downer, M. C. (2002). A new low for nonlinear optics, Science 298, p. 373.
Downer, M. C., Mendoza, B. S., and Gavrilenko, V. I. (2001). Optical second harmonic
spectroscopy of semiconductor surfaces: advances in microscopic understanding,
Surf. Interf. Anal. 31, pp. 966–986.
Drachev, V. P., Chettiar, U. K., Kildishev, A. V., Yuan, H.-K., Cai, W., and Shalaev,
V. M. (2008). The Ag dielectric function in plasmonic metamaterials, Opt. Expr.
16, p. 1186.
Dresselhaus, M. S., Dresselhaus, G., Saito, R., and Jorio, A. (2007). Exciton photophysics
of carbon nanotubes, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 58, p. 719.
Dubach, J. M., Harjes, D. I., and Clark, H. A. (2007). Ion-selective nano-optodes incorporating quantum dots, JACS. 129, p. 8418.
Dubrovsky, G. B., and Beljavskii, V. I. (1981). Selection rules and absorption lineshapes
for electron transitions between minizones in a superlattice, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 103,
p. 131.
Dubrovsky, G. B., Lepneva, A. A., and Radovanova, E. I. (1973). Optical absorption
associated with superlattice in silicon carbide crystals, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 57,
p. 423.
Dubrovsky, G. B., and Radovanova, E. I. (1968). Optical absorption in n-type α-SiC 6H
near 0.6 μm, Phys. Lett. 28, p. 283.
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Bibliography
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
307
Duval, E. (1992). Far-infrared and Raman vibrational transitions of a solid sphere: selection rules, Phys. Rev. B 46, p. 5795.
Efros, A. L., and Efros, A. L. (1982). Interband absorption of light in a semiconductor
sphere, Sov. Phys. Semicond. 16, p. 772.
Efros, A. L., and Rosen, M. (2000). The electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals,
Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 30, p. 475.
Efros, A. L., Rosen, M., Kuno, M., Nirmal, M., Norris, D. J., and Bawendi, M. (1996).
Band-edge exciton in quantum dots of semiconductors with a degenerate valence
band: dark and bright exciton states, Phys. Rev. B 54, p. 4843.
Elliott, R. J. (1957). Intensity of optical absorption of excitons, Phys. Rev. 108, p. 1384.
Emory, S. R., Haskins, W. E., and Nie, S. (1998). Direct observation of size-dependent
optical enhancement in single metal nanoparticles, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, p. 8009.
Empedocles, S. A., Norris, D. J., and Bawendi, M. G. (1996). Photoluminescence spectroscopy of single cdse nanocrystallite quantum dots, Phys. Rev. Lett 1996, p. 3873.
Engheta, N., Salandrino, A. and Alu, A. (2005). Circuit elements at optical frequencies:
nanoinductors, nanocapacitors, and nanoresistors, Phy. Rev. Lett. 95, p. 095504.
Englebienne, P., Hoonacker, A. V., and Verhas, M. (2003). Surface plasmon resonance:
principles, methods and applications in biomedical sciences, Spectrosc. 255, p. 17.
Erley, G., and Daum, W. (1998). Silicon interband transitions observed at Si(100)–SiO2
interfaces, Phys. Rev. B 58, p. R1734.
Faraday, M. (1857). Experimental relations of gold (and other metals) to light, Philos.
Trans. 147, p. 145.
Fernandez–Argüelles, M. T., Yakovlev, A., Sperling, R. A., Luccardini, C., Gaillard, S.,
Medel, A. S., Mallet, J.-M., Brochon, J.-C., Feltz, A., Oheim, M., and Parak, W. J.
(2007). Synthesis and characterization of polymer-coated quantum dots with integrated acceptor dyes as FRET-based nanoprobes, Nano Lett. 7, p. 2316.
Fernandez-Garcia, M., Wang, X., Belver, C., Hanson, J. C., and Rodriguez, J. A. (2007).
Anatase–TiO nanomaterials: morphological/Size dependence of the crystallization
and phase behavior phenomena, J. Phys. Chem. C 111, p. 674.
Ferretti, A., Ruini, A., Molinari, E., and Caldas, M. J. (2003). Electronic properties of
polymer crystals: the effect of interchain interactions, PRL 90, 8, p. 086401.
Feynman, R. P., Metropolis, N., and Teller, E. (1949). Equations of state of elements based
on the generalized Thomas–Fermi theory, Phys. Rev. 75, pp. 1561–1573.
Fink, Y., Urbas, A. M., Bawendi, M. G., Joannopoulos, J. D., and Thomas, E. L.
(1999). Block copolymers as photonic bandgap materials, J. Lightwave Techn. 17,
p. 1963.
Fleischer, K., Chandola, S., Esser, N., Richter, W., and McGilp, J. F. (2007). Surface
phonons of the Si(111): In-(4×1) and (8×2) phases, Phys. Rev. B 76, p. 205406.
Fojtik, A., and Henglein, A. (2006). Surface chemistry of luminescent colloidal silicon
nanoparticles, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, p. 1994.
Foss, C. A., Hornyak, G. L., Stockert, J. A., and Martin, C. R. (1994). Templatesynthesized nanoscopic gold particles: optical spectra and the effects of particle
size and shape, J. Phys. Chem. 98, p. 2963.
Fox, M. (2003). Optical Properties of Solids, 2nd edn. (Oxford University Press, New York).
Franceschetti, A., Fu, H., Wang, L. W., and Zunger, A. (1999). Many-body pseudopotential theory of excitons in inp and cdse quantum dots, Phys. Rev. B 60, p. 1819.
Freund, H.-J. (2002). Clusters and islands on oxides: from catalysis via electronics and
magnetism to optics, Surf.Sci. 500, p. 271.
Fu, H., Ozolins, V., and Zunger, A. (1999). Phonons in GaP quantum dots, Phys. Rev. B
59, p. 2881.
December 22, 2010
308
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Bibliography
Fuchs, F., Schmidt, W. G., and Bechstedt, F. (2005). Understanding the optical anisotropy
of oxidized Si(001) surfaces, Phys. Rev. B 72, p. 075353.
Fuchs, M., and Scheffler, M. (1999). Ab initio pseudopotentials for electronic structure
calculations of poly-atomic systems using density-functional theory, Comp. Phys.
Commun. 119, p. 67.
Ganeev, R. A., Baba, M., Morita, M., Rau, D., Fujii, H., Ryasnyansky, A. I., Ishizawa,
N., Suzuki, M., and Kuroda, H. (2004). Nonlinear optical properties of CdS and ZnS
nanoparticles doped into zirconium oxide films, J. Opt. A 6, p. 447.
Gaponenko, S. V. (1998). Optical Properties of Semiconductor Nanocrystals (Cambridge
University Press).
Garca-Vidal, F. J. (2007). Nano-optics. Orient yourself, Nature.Photonics 1, p. 13.
Gavrilenko, A. V., Black, S. M., Sykes, A. C., Bonner, C. E., and Gavrilenko, V. I.
(2008a). Computations of ground state and excitation energies of poly(3-methoxythiophene) and poly(thienylene vinylene) from first principles, in M. B. et al. (ed.),
Lecture Notes in Computational Science, ICCS LNCS 5102, Vol. Part II (Springer),
p. 396.
Gavrilenko, A. V., Matos, T. D., Bonner, C. E., Sun, S.-S., Zhang, C., and Gavrilenko,
V. I. (2008b). Optical absorption of poly(thienylene vinylene)-conjugated polymers:
experiment and first principle theory, J. Phys. Chem. C 112, p. 7908.
Gavrilenko, V. I. (1995). Calculated differential reflectance of the (110) surface of cubic
silicon carbide, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, p. 16.
Gavrilenko, V. I. (2001). Ab initio theory of second harmonic generation from semiconductor surfaces and interfaces, Physica Status Solidi (a) 188, p. 1267.
Gavrilenko, V. I. (2006). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, chap. Ab initio Modeling of
Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Molecular Complexes (Springer-Verlag),
pp. 89–96.
Gavrilenko, V. I. (2008). Differential reflectance and second harmonic generation of the
Si/SiO2 interface from first principles, Phys. Rev. B 77, p. 075811.
Gavrilenko, V. I. (2009). Optics of nanostructured materials from first principles, in M. A.
Noginov, M. W. McCall, G. Dewar and N. I. Zheludev (eds.), Tutorials in Complex
Photonic Media, chap. 15 (SPIE Press, Bellingham), pp. 479–524.
Gavrilenko, V. I., and Bechstedt, F. (1997). Optical functions of semiconductors beyond
density functional theory, Phys. Rev. B 55, p. 4343.
Gavrilenko, V. I., Frolov, S. I., and Klyui, N. I. (1993). Energy band structure and optical
properties of cubic silicon carbide crystals, Physica B 185, p. 394.
Gavrilenko, V. I., and Koch, F. (1995). Electronic structure of nanometer-thickness Si(001)
film, J. Appl. Phys. 77, p. 3288.
Gavrilenko, V. I., Martinez, D., Cantarero, A., Cardona, M., and Trallero-Giner, C.
(1990a). Resonant first- and second-order Raman scattering of AlSb, Phys. Rev.
B 42, p. 11718.
Gavrilenko, V. I., and Noginov, M. A. (2006). Ab initio study of optical properties of
Rhodamine 6G molecular dimers, J. Chem. Phys. 124, p. 44301.
Gavrilenko, V. I., Postnikov, A. V., Klyui, N. I., and Litovchenko, V. G. (1990b). Energy
band structure and optical properties of wurtzite-structure silicon carbide crystals,
Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 162, p. 477.
Gavrilenko, V. I., and Wu, R. Q. (2000). Linear and nonlinear optical properties of groupIII nitrides, Phys. Rev. B 61, p. 2632.
Gavrilenko, V. I., Wu, R. Q., Downer, M. C., Ekerdt, J. G., Lim, D., and Parkinson,
P. (2000). Optical second harmonic spectra of silicon-adatom surfaces: theory and
experiment, Thin Solid Films 364, p. 1.
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Bibliography
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
309
Gavrilenko, V. I., Wu, R. Q., Downer, M. C., Ekerdt, J. G., Lim, D., and Parkinson, P.
(2001). Optical second-harmonic spectra of Si(001) with H and Ge adatoms: Firstprinciples theory and experiment, Phys. Rev. B 63, p. 165325.
Gebeyehua, D., Brabec, C. J., Sariciftcia, N. S., Vangeneugdenb, D., Kieboomsb, R.,
Vanderzandeb, D., Kienbergerc, F., and Schindler, H. (2001). Hybrid solar cells
based on dye-sensitized nanoporous TiO2 electrodes and conjugated polymers as
hole transport materials, Synth. Met. 125, p. 279.
Gerard, J., and Gayral, B. (2001). InAs quantumdots: artificial atoms for solid-state
cavity-quantum electrodynamics, Physica E 9, p. 131.
Gerry, C., and Knight, P. (2005). Introductory Quantum Optics (Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge).
Gill, I., and Ballesteros, A. (1998). Encapsulation of biologicals within silicate, siloxane,
and hybrid sol–gel polymers: an efficient and generic approach, J. Ams. Chem. Soc.
120, p. 8587.
Glinka, Y. D., Lin, S.-H., and Chen, Y.-T. (2002). Time-resolved photoluminescence study
of silica nanoparticles as compared to bulk type-III fused silica, Phys. Rev. B 66,
p. 035404.
Gogotsi, Y., Nikitin, A., Ye, H., Zhou, W., Fisher, J. E., Yi, B., Foley, H. C., and Barsoum,
M. W. (2003). Nanoporous carbide-derived carbon with tunable pore size, Nature
Materials 2, p. 591.
Gonzalez-Aguilar, J., Moreno, M., and Fulcheri, L. (2007). Carbon nanostructures production by gas-phase plasma processes at atmospheric pressure, J. Phys. D 40,
p. 2361.
Goodman, M. D., Xu, J., Wang, J., and Lin, Z. (2007). Synthesis and characterization of polymer-coated quantum dots with integrated acceptor dyes as FRET-based
nanoprobes, Nano Lett. 7, p. 2316.
Gouadec, G., and Colomban, P. (2007). Raman spectroscopy of nanostructures and nanosized materials, J. Raman Spectr. 38, p. 598.
Greenaway, D. L., Habbeke, G., Bassani, F., and Tosatti, E. (1969). Anisotropy of the
optical constants and the band structure of graphite, Phys. Rev 178, p. 1340.
Gross, E., Kovalev, D., Künzner, N., Timoshenko, V. Y., Diener, J., and Koch, F. (2001).
Highly sensitive recognition element based on birefringent porous silicon layers, J.
Appl. Phys. 90, p. 3529.
Gubin, S. P. (2002). Metalcontaining nano-particles within polymeric matrices: preparation, structure, and properties, Colloids and Surfaces 202, p. 155.
Günes, S., Neugebauer, H., Sariciftci, N. S., Roither, J., Kovalenko, M., Pillwein, G., and
Heiss, W. (2006). Hybrid solar cells using HgTe nanocrystals and nanoporous TiO2
electrodes, Adv. Func. Mat. 16, p. 1095.
Günes, S., Neugebaurer, H., and Sariciftci, N. S. (2007). Conjugated polymer-based solar
cells, Chem. Rev. 107, p. 1324.
Gupta, S., Kang, H., Strassburg, M., Asghar, A., Kane, M., Fenwick, W. E., Dietz, N.,
and Ferguson, I. T. (2006). A nucleation study of group III-nitride multifunctional
nanostructures, J. Cr. Growth 287, p. 596.
Gustafsson, A., Reinhardt, F., Biasiol, G., and Kapon, E. (1995). Low-pressure
organometallic chemical vapor deposition of quantum wires on V-grooved substrates,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, p. 3673.
Hambrock, J., Schröter, M. K., Birkner, A., Wöll, C., and Fischer, R. A. (2003).
Nano-brass: bimetallic copper/zinc colloids by a nonaqueous organometallic
route using [Cu(OCH(Me)CH2 NMe2 )2 ] and Et2 Zn as precursors, Chem. Mat. 15,
p. 4217.
December 22, 2010
310
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Bibliography
Hammer, N. I., Emrick, T., and Barnes, M. D. (2007). Quantum dots coordinated with
conjugated organic ligands: new nanomaterials with novel photophysics, Nanoscale
Res. Lett. 2, p. 282.
Hansen, K. H., Worren, T., Stempel, S., Legsgaard, E., Bäumer, M., Freund, H.-J., Besenbacher, F., and Stensgaard, I. (1999). Palladium nanocrystals on Al2 O3 : structure
and adhesion energy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, p. 4120.
Hartstein, A., Kirtley, J. R., and Tsang, J. C. (1980). Enhancement of the infrared absorption from molecular monolayers with thin metal overlayers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45,
p. 201.
Hata, K., Futaba, D. N., Mizuno, K., Namai, T., Yumura, M., and Iijima, S. (2004). Waterassisted highly efficient synthesis of impurity-free single-walled carbon nanotubes,
Science 306, p. 1362.
Henglein, A. (2000). Preparation and optical absorption spectra of Aucore Ptshell and
Ptcore Aushell colloidal nanoparticles in aquenous solution, J. Phys. Chem. B 104,
p. 2201.
Hennessy, K., Badolato, A., Winger, M., Gerace, D., Atatüre, M., Gulde, S., Fält, S.,
Hu, E. L., and Imamoglu, A. (2007). Quantum nature of a strongly coupled single
quantum dot-cavity system, Nature 445, p. 896.
Henry, C. R. (2005). Morphology of supported nanoparticles, Rep. Surf. Sci. 80, p. 92.
Hersee, S. D., Sun, X., and Wang, X. (2006). The controlled growth of GaN nanowires,
Nano Letters 6, p. 1808.
Herz, E., Ow, H., Bonner, D., Burns, A., and Wiesner, U. (2009). Dye structure-optical
property correlations in near-infrared fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticles,
J. Mater. Chem. 19, p. 6341.
Hilton, P., Goodwin, J., Harrison, P., and Hagston, W. E. (1992). Theory of exciton energy
levels in multiply periodic systems, J. Phys. A 25, p. 5365.
Hines, M. A., and Guyot-Sionnest, P. (1996). Synthesis and characterization of strongly
luminescing ZnS-capped CdSe nanocrystals, J. Phys. Chem. 100, p. 468.
Hoa, X., Kirk, A., and Tabrizian, M. (2007). Towards integrated and sensitive surface
plasmon resonance biosensors: a review of recent progress, Biosens. Bioelectr. 23,
p. 151.
Hofmann, P. (2008). Solid State Physics (RSC Publishing, Berlin).
Hohenberg, P., and Kohn, W. (1964). Inhomogeneous electron gas, Phys. Rev. 136,
pp. B864–B871.
Holder, E., Tesslerb, N., and Rogach, A. L. (2008). Hybrid nanocomposite materials with
organic and inorganic components for opto-electronic devices, J. Mater. Chem., 18,
p. 1064.
Hornyak, G. L., Patrissi, C. J., and Martin, C. R. (1997). Fabrication, characterization,
and optical properties of gold nanoparticle/porous alumina composites: The nonscattering Maxwell-Garnett limit, J. Phys. Chem. B 101, p. 1548.
Howes, B. D., Guerrini, L., Sanchez-Cortes, S., Marzocchi, M. P., Garcia-Ramos, J. V., and
Smulevich, G. (2007). The influence of pH and anions on the adsorption mechanism
of rifampicin on silver colloids, J. Raman Spectr. 38, p. 859.
Hu, Y. Z., Lindberg, M., and Koch, S. W. (1990). Theory of optically excited intrinsic
semiconductor quantum dots, Phys. Rev. B. 42, p. 1713.
Huang, S.-P., Wu, D.-S., Hu, J.-M., Zhang, H., Xie, Z., Hu, H., and Cheng, W.-D. (2007).
First-principles study: size-dependent optical properties for semiconducting silicon
carbide nanotubes, Optics Express 15, p. 10947.
Hughes, J. L. P., and Sipe, J. E. (1996). Calculation of second-order optical response in
semiconductors, Phys. Rev. B 53, p. 10751.
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Bibliography
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
311
Huo, Q., Margolese, D. I., Ciesla, U., Demuth, D. G., Feng, P., Gier, T. E., Sieger, P.,
Firouzi, A., Chmelka, B. F., Schüth, F., and Stucky, G. (1994). Organic-inorganics
composites, Chem. Mater. 6, p. 1176.
Huynh, W. U., Dittmer, J. J., and Alivisatos, A. P. (2002). Hybrid nanorod-polymer solar
cells, Science 295, p. 2425.
Hwang, Y.-N., Je, K.-C., Kim, D., and Park, S.-H. (2001). Observation of enhanced biexcitonic effect in semiconductor nanocrystals, Phys. Rev. B 64, p. 041305.
Iijima, S. (1991). Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature 354, p. 56.
Iijima, S., and Ichihashi, T. (1993). Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter, Nature
363, p. 603.
Ikezawa, M., Okuno, T., Masumoto, Y., and Lipovskii, A. A. (2001). Complementary
detection of confined acoustic phonons in quantum dots by coherent phonon measurement and Raman scattering, Phys. Rev. B 64, p. 201315R.
Ikushima, A. J., Fujiwara, T., and Saito, K. (2000). Silica glass: A material for photonics,
J. Appl. Phys. 88, p. 1201.
Incze, A., Sole, R. D., and Onida, G. (2005). Ab initio study of reflectance anisotropy
spectra of a submonolayer oxidized Si(100) surface, Phys. Rev. B 71, p. 35350.
Jackson, J. D. (1975). Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd edn. (Wiley, New York).
Jackson, J. D. (1998). Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd edn. (Wiley, New York).
Jacobsohn, M., and Banin, U. (2000). Size dependence of second harmonic generation in
CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots, J. Phys. Chem. B 104, p. 1.
Jaynes, E. T., and Cummins, F. W. (1963). Comparison of quantum and semiclassical
radiation theories with application to the beam maser, Proc. IEEE 51, p. 89.
Jensen, L., and Schatz, G. C. (2006). Resonance Raman scattering of Rhodamine 6G as
calculated using time-dependent density functional theory, J. Phys. Chem. A 110,
p. 5973.
Jensen, T. R., van Duyne, R. P., Johnson, S. A., and Maroni, V. A. (2000). Surfaceenhanced infrared spectroscopy: a comparison of metal island films with discrete
and nondiscrete surface plasmons. Appl. Spectrosc. 54, p. 371.
Jiang, J., Bosnick, K., Maillard, M., and Brus, L. (2003). Single molecule Raman spectroscopy at the junctions of large Ag nanocrystals, J. Phys. Chem. B 107, p. 9964.
Jin, R., Cao, Y. W., Mirkin, C. A., Kelly, K. L., Schatz, G. C., and Zheng, J. G. (2001).
Photoinduced conversion of silver nanospheres to nanoprisms, Science. 294, p. 1901.
Joachim, C. (2005). To be or not to be nano, Nature Materials 4, p. 107.
Joannopoulos, J. D., Meade, R. D., and Winn, J. N. (1995). Photonoc Crystals: Molding
the Flow of Light (Princton university press).
Johansson, P., Xu, H. and Käll, M. (2005). Surface-enhanced Raman scattering and fluorescence near metal nanoparticles, Phys. Rev. B 72, p. 035427.
Johnson, P. B., and Christy, E. W. (1972). Optical constants of the noble metals, Phys.
Rev. B 6, p. 4370.
Joo, C., Balci, H., Ishitsuka, Y., Buranachai, C., and Ha, T. (2008). Advances in
single-molecule fluorescence methods for molecular biology, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 77,
p. 51.
Juarez, B. H., Klinke, C., Kornovski, A., and Weller, H. (2007). Quantum dot attachment
and morphology control by carbon nanotubes, Nano Leters 7, p. 3564.
Jung, L. S., Campbell, C. T., Chinowsky, T. M., Mar, M. N., and Yee, S. S. (1998).
Quantitative interpretation of the response of surface plasmon resonance sensors to
adsorbed films, Langmuir 14, p. 5636.
Kambhampati, P., and Campion, A. (1999). Surface enhanced Raman scattering as a probe
of adsorbate-substrate charge-transfer excitations. Surf. Sci. 427–428, p. 115.
December 22, 2010
312
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Bibliography
Kapon, E., Hwang, D. M., and Bhat, R. (1989). Stimulated emission in semiconductor
quantum wire heterostructures, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, p. 430.
Kasai, H., Oikawa, H., and Nakanishi, H. (2000). Chemistry for the 21st century, in
H. Masuhara and F. C. DeSchryver (eds.), Organic Mesoscopic Chemistry (Blackwell
Science, Oxford), p. 145.
Kasha, M. (1959). Relation between exciton bands and conduction bands in molecular
lamellar systems, Rev. Mod. Phys. 31, p. 162.
Kasuya, A., Sivamonah, R., Barnakov, Y. A., Dmitruk, I. M., Nirasawa, T., Romanyuk,
V. R., Kumar, V., Mamykin, S. V., Tohli, K., Jeyadevan, B., Shinoda, K., Kudo,
T., Terasaki, O., Liu, Z., Belosludov, R. V., Sundararayan, V., and Kawazoe, Y.
(2004). Ultra-stable nanoparticles of CdSe revealed from mass spectrometry, Nature
Materials 3, p. 99.
Katari, J. E. B., Colvin, V. L., and Alivisatos, A. P. (1994). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of CdSe nanocrystals with applications to studies of the nanocrystal surface,
J. Phys. Chem. 98, p. 4109.
Katsnelson, M. I. (2007). Graphene: carbon in two dimensions, Materials Today 10,
p. 20.
Katz, D., Millo, O., Levi, Y., Banin, U., and Cao, Y. W. (2000). Size-dependent tunneling
spectroscopy of inas nanocrystals, Physics B 284-288, p. 1760.
Kayanuma, Y. (1988). Quantum-size effects of interacting electrons and holes in semiconductor microcrystals with spherical shape, Phys. Rev. B 38, p. 9797.
Kelley, A. M. (2008). A molecular spectroscopic view of surface plasmon enhanced resonance Raman scattering, J. Chem. Phys. 128, p. 224702.
Kelly, K. L., Coronado, E., Zhao, L. L., and Schatz, G. C. (2003). The optical properties
of metal nanoparticles: the influence of size, shape, and dielectric environment,
J. Phys. Chem. B 107, p. 668.
Kiefer, W. (2008). Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy, J. Raman
Spectr. 39, p. 1710.
Kikteva, T., Star, D., Zhao, Z., Baislev, T. L., and Leach, G. W. (1999). Molecular orientation, aggregation, and order in rhodamine films at the fused silica/air interface,
J. Phys. Chem. B 103, p. 1124.
Kildishev, A. V., and Shalaev, V. M. (2006). Negative refractive index in optics of metaldielectric composites. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 23, p. 423.
Kim, D., Hwang, Y., Cheong, S. I., Lee, J. K., Hong, D., Moon, S., Lee, J. E., and Kim,
S. H. (2008a). Production and characterization of carbon nano colloid via one-step
electrochemical method, J. Nanopart. Res. 10, p. 1121.
Kim, S., Jin, J., Kim, Y.-J., Park, I.-Y., Kim, Y., and Kim, S.-W. (2008b). High-harmonic
generation by resonant plasmon field enhancement, Nature 453, p. 757.
Kiraz, A., Reese, C., Gayral, B., Zhang, L., Schoenfeld, W. V., Gerardot, B. D., Petroff,
P. M., Hu, E. L., and Imamoglu, A. (2003). Cavity-quantum electrodynamics with
quantum dots, J. Opt. B 5, p. 129.
Klein, M. C., Hache, F., Ricard, D., and Flytzanis, C. (1990). Size dependence of electron–
phonon coupling in semiconductor nanospheres: the case of CdSe, Phys. Rev. B 42,
p. 11123.
Klein, M. W., Enkrich, C., Wegener, M., and Linden, S. (2006). Second-harmonic generation from magnetic metamaterials, Science 313, p. 502.
Klevenz, M., Neubrech, F., Lovrincic, R., Jalochowski, M., and Pucci, A. (2008). Infrared
resonances of self-assembled pb nanorods, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, p. 133116.
Klimov, V., Hunsche, S., and Kurz, H. (1994). Biexciton effects in femtosecond nonlinear
transmission of semiconductor quantum dots. Phys. Rev. B 50, p. 8110.
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Bibliography
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
313
Klimov, V. I. (2007). Spectral and dynamical properties of multiexcitons in semiconductor
nanocrystals, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 58, p. 635.
Klimov, V. I., Mikhailovsky, A. A., McBranch, D. W., Leatherdale, C. A., and Bawendi,
M. G. (2000). Mechanisms for intraband energy relaxation in semiconductor quantum dots: The role of electron–hole interactions, Phys. Rev. B 61, p. R13349.
Klitgaard, S. K., Egeblad, K., Haahr, L. T., Hansen, M. K., Hansen, D., Svagin, J.,
and Christensen, C. H. (2007). Self-assembly of C60 into highly ordered chain-like
structures on HOPG observed at ambient conditions, Surf. Sci. 607, p. L35.
Kneipp, K., Kneipp, H., Itzkan, I., Dasari, R. R., and Feld, M. S. (1999). Ultrasensitive
chemical analysis by Raman spectroscopy, Chem. Rev. 99, p. 2957.
Kneipp, K., Wang, Y., Kneipp, H., Perelman, L. T., Itzkan, I., Dasari, R. R., and Feld,
M. S. (1997). Single molecule detection using Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
(SERS), Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, p. 1667.
Knox, R. S. (1963). Theory of Excitons, Solid State Physics Supplement, Vol. 5 (Academic
Press).
Koch, F., Petrova-Koch, V., Mushik, T., Nikolov, A., and Gavrilenko, V. (1993). Some
perspectives on the luminescence mechanism via surface-confined states of porous
Si, Proceedings of MRS 283, p. 197.
Kohn, W. (1999). Electronic structure of matter—wave functions and density functionals,
Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, pp. 1253–1266.
Kohn, W., and Sham, L. J. (1965). Self-consistent equations including exchange and correlation effects, Phys. Rev. 140, p. A1133.
Kolasinski, K. W. (2008). Surface Science: Foundation of Catalysis Nanoscience, 2nd edn.
(Wiley, New York).
Kolasinski, K. W., Aindow, M., Barnard, J. C., Ganguly, S., Koker, L., Wellner, A.,
Palmer, R. E., Field, C., Hamley, P., and Poliakoff, M. (2000). On the role of the pore
filling medium in photoluminescence from photochemically etched porous silicon,
J. Appl. Phys. 88, p. 2472.
Kosacki, I., Suzuki, T., Anderson, H. U., and Colomban, P. (2002). Raman scattering and
lattice defects in nanocrystalline CeO2 thin films, Sol. St. Ionics 149, p. 99.
Kovalev, D., Heckler, H., Polisski, G., and Koch, F. (1999). Optical properties of Si
nanocrystals, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 215, p. 871.
Kreibig, U., and Vollmer, M. (1995). Optical Properties of Metal Clusters (Springer Series
in Material Science 25, Springer, Berlin).
Kresse, G., and Furthmüller, J. (1996). Effciency of ab initio total energy calculations
for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set, Comput. Mater. Sci. 6,
p. 15.
Kroto, H. W., Heath, J. R., O’Brien, S. C., Curl, R. F., and Smalley, R. E. (1985). C60 :
Buckminsterfullerene, Nature 318, p. 162.
Kühner, G., and Voll, M. (1993). Manufacture of Carbon Black, Vol. Carbon Black, 2nd
edn. (Dekker, New York).
Kulawik, M., Nilius, N., and Freud, H.-J. (2006). Influence of the metal substrate on the
adsorption properties of thin oxide layers: Au atoms on a thin alumina film on
NiAl(110), Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, p. 036103.
Kulzer, F., and Orrit, M. (2004). Single-molecule optics, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 55,
p. 585.
LaBean, T., and Park, S. H. (2006). Self-assembled DNA nanotubes, in C. S. S. R. Kumar
(ed.), Biological and Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies for the Life
Sciences, Vol. 2 (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim), p. 337.
Lamb, H. (1904). On group-velocity, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 1, p. 473.
December 22, 2010
314
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Bibliography
Lambrecht, W. R. L., Limpijumnong, S., Rashkeev, S. N., and Segall, B. (1997). Electronic
band structure of SiC polytypes: a discussion of theory and experiment, Phys. Stat.
Sol. (b) 202, p. 5.
Lambrecht, W. R. L., and Rashkeev, S. N. (2000). From band structures to linear and
nonlinear optical spectra in semiconductors, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 217, p. 599.
Lambrecht, W. R. L., Segall, B., Yoganathan, M., Suttrop, W., Devaty, R. P., Choyke,
W. J., Edmond, J. A., Powell, J. A., and Alouani, M. (1994). Calculated and measured UV reflectivity of SiC polytypes, Phys. Rev. B 50, p. 10722.
Landau, L. D., and Lifshits, E. M. (1980). Quantum Mechanics (Academic Press, New
York).
Laurent, G., Felifj, N., Aubard, J., Lavi, G., Krenn, J. R., Hohenau, A., Schider, G.,
Leitner, A., and Aussenegg, F. R. (2005). Evidence of multipolar excitations in
surface enhanced Raman scattering, Phys. Rev. B 71, p. 045430.
Lazzari, M., and Lopez-Quintela, M. A. (2003). Black copolymers as a tool for nanomaterial fabrication, Adv. Mater. 15, p. 1583.
Lebedenko, A. N., Guralchuk, G. Y., Sorokin, A. V., Yefimova, S. L., and Malyukin,
Y. V. (2006). Pseudoisocyanine J-aggregate to optical waveguiding crystallite transition: microscopic and microspectroscopic exploration, J. Phys. Chem. B 110,
p. 17772.
Lee, K. G. (2007). Nano-optics. Nature.Photonics 1, p. 53.
Lee, R. L. (1998). Mie theory, Airy theory, and the natural rainbow, Appl. Optics 37,
p. 1506.
Leitsmann, R., Schmidt, W. G., Hahn, P. H., and Bechstedt, F. (2005). Second-harmonic
polarizability including electron-hole attraction from band-srtructure theory, Phys.
Rev. B 71, p. 195209.
Levine, B. F., and Bethea, C. G. (1975). Second and third order hyperpolarizabilities of
organic molecules, J. Chem. Phys. 63, p. 2666.
Levy, O., and Stroud, D. (1997). Maxwell–Garnett theory for mixtures of anisotropic
inclusions: application to conducting polymers, Phys. Rev. B 56, p. 8035.
Lewis, A., Isaacson, M., Harootunian, A., and Muray, A. (1984). Development of a 500 å
spatial resolution light microscope, Ultramicrosc. 13, p. 227.
Lewis, A., Taha, H., Strinkovski, A., Manevitch, A., Khatchatouriants, A., Dekhter, R.,
and Ammann, E. (2003). Near-field optics: from subwavelength illumination to nanometric shadowing, Nature. Biotechnology 21, p. 1378.
Li, D., Liu, Z. T., Leung, Y. H., Djurisic, A. B., Xie, M. H., and Chan, W. K. (2008).
Transition metal-doped ZnO nanorods synthesized by chemical methods, J. Phys.
Chem. Solids 69, p. 616.
Liebsch, A. (1997). Electronic Excitations at Metal Surfaces (Plenum Press, New
York).
Lim, D., Downer, M. C., Ekerdt, J. G., Arzate, N., Mendoza, B. S., Gavrilenko, V. I., and
Wu, R. Q. (2000). Optical second harmonic spectroscopy of boron-reconstructed
si(001), Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, p. 3406.
Lim, S. J., Chon, B., Joo, T., and Shin, S. K. (2008). Synthesis and characterization
of zinc-blende CdSe-based core/shell nanocrystals and their luminescence in water,
J. Phys. Chem. C 112, p. 1744.
Lin, M., Tan, J. P. Y., Boothroyd, C., Loh, K. P., Tok, E. S., and Foo, Y.-L. (2007).
Dynamical observation of bamboo-like carbon nanotube growth, Nano Leters 7,
p. 2234.
Link, S., and El-Sayed, M. A. (1999). Size and temperature dependence of the plasmon
absorption of colloidal gold nanoparticles, J. Phys. Chem. B 103, p. 4212.
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Bibliography
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
315
Link, S., and El-Sayed, M. A. (2000). Shape and size dependence of radiative, non-radiative
and photothermal properties of gold nanocrystals, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 19,
p. 409.
Link, S., and El-Sayed, M. A. (2003). Optical properties and ultrafast dynamics of metallic
nanocrystals, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 54, p. 331.
Liu, Z., Ci, L., Jin-Phillipp, N. Y., and Rühle, M. (2007). Vapor-solid reaction for silicon
carbide hollow spherical nanocrystals, J. Phys. Chem. C 111, p. 12517.
Lü, C., Guan, C., Liu, Y., Cheng, Y., and Yang, B. (2005). PbS/polymer nanocomposite
optical materials with high refractive index, Chem. Mat. 17, p. 2448.
Luttinger, J. M., and Kohn, W. (1955). Motion of electrons and holes in perturbed periodic
fields, Phys. Rev. 97, p. 869.
Lynch, D. W., and Hunter, W. R. (1985). Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, Vol. 2,
chap. Comments on the Optical Constants of Metals and an Introduction to Data
for Several Metals (Academic Press).
Mabuchi, H., and Doherty, A. C. (2001). Cavity quantum electrodynamics: coherence in
context, Science 298, p. 1372.
Macak, J., Tsuchiya, H., Ghicov, A., Yasuda, K., Hahn, R., Bauer, S., and Schmuki, P.
(2007). TiO2 nanotubes: Self-organized electrochemical formation, properties and
applications, Curr. Op. Sol. St. Mat. Sci. 11, p. 3.
Malinsky, M. D., Kelly, K. L., Schatz, G. C., and Duyne, R. P. V. (2001). Nanosphere
lithography: effect of substrate on the localized surface plasmon resonance spectrum
of silver nanoparticles, J. Chem. Phys. B , 105, p. 2343.
Mandelstam, L. I. (1945). Group-velocity in a crystal lattice, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 15,
p. 475.
Manna, L., Scher, E. C., and Alivisatos, A. P. (2000). Synthesis of soluble and processable
rod-, arrow-, teardrop-, and tetrapod-shaped CdSe nanocrystals, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
122, p. 12700.
Martin, R. M. (2004). Electronic Structure. Basic Theory and Practical Methods
(Cambridge University Press, New York).
Martinez, V. M., Arbeloa, F. L., Prieto, J. B., Lopez, T. A., and Arbeloa, I. L. (2004).
Characterization of rhodamine 6G aggregates intercalated in solid thin films of
laponite clay. 1. Absorption spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, p. 20030.
Masiello, D. J., and Schatz, G. C. (2008). Many-body theory of surface-enhanced Raman
scattering, Phys. Rev. A 78, p. 042505.
Masters, B. R., and So, P. T. C. (2008). The genesis of nonlinear microscopies and
their inpact on modern development, in B. R. Masters and P. T. C. So (eds.),
Handbook of Biomedical Nonlinear Optical Microscopy (Oxford University Press),
p. 5.
Mathieu, F., Liao, S., Wang, T., Kopatsch, J., Mao, C., and Seeman, N. C. (2005). Sixhelix bundles designed from DNA, Nano Lett. 5, p. 661.
Matsumoto, T., Suzuki, J., Ohnuma, M., Kanemitsu, Y., and Masumoto, Y. (2001). Evidence of quantum size effect in nanocrystalline silicon by optical absorption, Phys.
Rev. B 63, p. 195322.
Maunz, P., Puppe, T., Schuster, I., Syassen, N., Pinkse, P. W. H., and Rempe, G. (2005).
Normal mode spectroscopy of a single-bound-atom-cavity system, Phys. Rev. Lett.
94, p. 033002.
Maxwell-Garnett, J. C. (1904). Colours in metal glasses and metal films, Philos. Trans.
R. Soc. London 3, p. 385.
McCall, M. W., Lakhtakia, A., and Weiglhofer, W. S. (2002). The negative index of
refraction demystified. Eur. J. Phys. 23, p. 353.
December 22, 2010
316
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Bibliography
McDonald, S. A., Konstantatos, G., Zhang, S., Cyr, P. W., Klem, E. J. D., Levina, L., and
Sargent, E. H. (2005). Solution-processed PbS quantum dot infrared photodetectors
and photovoltaics, Nature Materials 4, p. 138.
McKinney, S. A., Declais, A.-C., Lilley, D. M. J., and Ha, T. (2003). Structural dynamics
of individual Holliday junctions, Nat. Struc. Biol. 10, p. 93.
McQuarrie, D. A. (1976). Statistical Mechanics (Harper and Row, New York).
Meleshko, A. V., Merkulov, V. I., McKnight, T. E., Guillorn, M. A., Klein, K. L., Lowndes, D. H., and Simpson, M. L. (2005). Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers and
related structures: controlled synthesis and directed assembly, J. Appl. Phys. 97,
p. 041301.
Mendoza, B., Palumo, M., Onida, G., and Sole, R. D. (2001). Microscopic theory of second
harmonic generation at Si(100) surfaces, Phys. Rev. B 63, p. 205406.
Menendez, E., Trallero-Giner, C., and Cardona, M. (1997). Vibrational resonant Raman
scattering in spherical quantum dots: Exciton effects, Physica Status Solidi (b) 199,
p. 81.
Meyer, J. C., Geim, A. K., Katsnelson, M. I., Novoselov, K. S., Booth, T. J., and Roth,
S. (2007). The structure of suspended graphene sheets, Nature 446, p. 60.
Michaelides, A., and Scheffler, M. (2008). Textbook of Surface and Interface Science, Vol. 1,
chap. An Introduction to the Theory of Metal Surfaces (Wiley-VCH).
Michaels, A. M., Nirmal, M., and Brus, L. E. (1998). Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy of individual Rhodamine 6G molecules on large Ag nanocrystals, J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 121, p. 9932.
Michler, P., Kiraz, A., Becher, C., Schoenfeld, W. V., Petroff, P. M., Zhang, L., Hu, E.,
and Imamoglu, A. (2000). A quantum dot single-photon turnstile devices, Science
290, p. 2282.
Micic, O. I., Cheong, H. M., Fu, H., Zunger, A., Sprague, J. R., Mascarenhas, A., and
Nozik, A. J. (1997). Size-dependent spectroscopy of inp quantum dots, J. Phys.
Chem. B 101, p. 4904.
Mie, G. (1908). Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen, Ann.
Phys. 25, p. 377.
Mishra, P., and Jain, K. P. (2001). First- and second-order Raman scattering in nanocrystalline silicon, Phys. Rev. B 64, p. 073304.
Mitchell, J. C., Harris, J. R., Malo, J., Bath, J., and Turberfield, A. J. (2004). Self-assembly
of chiral DNA nanotubes, JACS 126, p. 16342.
Mokari, T., Sertchook, H., Aharoni, A., Ebenstein, Y., Avnir, D., and Banin, U. (2005).
Nano and micro: general method for entrapment of nanocrystals in sol0gel-derived
composite hydrophobic silica spheres, Chem. Mater. 17, p. 258.
Mollow, B. R. (1969). Power spectrum of light scattered by two-level system, Phys. Rev.
188, p. 1969.
Morton, S. M., and Jensen, L. (2009). Understanding the molecule-surface chemical coupling in SERS, JACS 131, p. 4090.
Moskovits, M. (1985). Surface-enhanced spectroscopy, Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, p. 783.
Moskovits, M. (2005). Surface-enhanced spectroscopy: a brief retrospective, J. Raman
Spectr. 36, p. 485.
Mujumdar, R. B., Ernst, L. A., Mujumdar, S. R., Lewis, C. J., and Waggoner, A. S.
(1993). Cyanine dye labeling reagents: sulfoindocyanine succinimidyl esters, Bioconjug. Chem. 4, p. 105.
Muller, A., Fang, W., Lawall, J., and Solomon, G. S. (2008). Emission spectrum of a
dressed exciton–biexciton complex in a semiconductor quantum dot, Phys. Rev. Lett.
101, p. 027401.
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Bibliography
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
317
Murphy, C. J., Sau, T. K., Gole, A. K., Orendorff, C. J., Gao, J., Gou, L., Hunvadi, S. E.,
and Li, T. (2005). Anisotropic metal nanoparticles: Synthesis, assembly, and optical
applications, J. Phys. Chem. 109, p. 13857.
Murray, C. B., Kagan, C. R., and Bawendi, M. G. (2000). Synthesis and characterization
of monodisperse nanocrystals and close packed nanocrystal assemblies, Ann. Rev.
Mat. Sci. 30, p. 545.
Murray, C. B., Norris, D. J., and Bawendi, M. G. (1993). Synthesis and characterization
of nearly monodisperse CdE (E = S, Se, Te) semiconductor nanocrystallites, JACS
115, p. 8706.
Muskens, O. L., Diedenhofen, S. L., van Weert, M. H. M., Borgström, M. T., Bakkers,
E. P. A. M., and Rivas, J. G. (2008). Epitaxial growth of aligned semiconductor nanowire metamaterials for photonic applications, Adv. Func. Mater. 18,
p. 1039.
Nakai, H., and Nakatsuji, H. (1995). Electronic mechanism of the surface enhanced Raman
scattering, J. Chem. Phys. 103, p. 2286.
Nazzeruddin, M. K., Kay, A., Rodicio, I., Humphry-Baker, R., Müller, E., Liska, R.,
Vlachopoulos, N., and Grätzel, M. (1993). Conversion of light to electricity by
cis-X2 Bis(2,2 -bipyridyl-4,4 -dicarboxylate)ruthenium (II) charge-transfer sensitizers
(X = Cl− , Br− , I− , CN− , and SCN− ) on nanocrystalline TiO2 electrodes, J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 115, p. 6382.
Neubrech, F., Kolb, T., Lovrincic, R., Fahsold, G., Puccia, A., Aizpurua, J., Cornelius,
T. W., Toimil-Molares, M. E., Neumann, R., and Karim, S. (2006). Resonances of
individual metal nanowires in the infrared, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, p. 253104.
Neugebauer, J., Reiher, M., Kind, C., and Hess, B. A. (2002). Quantum chemical calculation of vibrational spectra of large molecules—Raman and IR spectra for buckminsterfullerene, J. comput. Chem. 23, p. 895.
Nie, S., and Emory, S. R. (1997). Probing single molecules and single nanoparticles by
surface-enhanced Raman scattering, Science 275, p. 1102.
Nilius, N., Ernst, N., and Freud, H.-J. (2000). Photon emission spectroscopy of individual
oxide-supported silver clusters in a scanning tunneling microscope, Phys. Rev. Lett
84, p. 3994.
Noginov, M. A. (2005). Solid-State Random Lasers (Springer, NY).
Noginov, M. A., Zhu, G., Bahoura, M., Adegoke, J., Small, C. E., Ritzo, B. A., Drachev,
V. P., and Shalaev, V. M. (2006). Enhancement of surface plasmons in Ag aggregates
by optical gain in a dielectric medium, Optical Letters 31, p. 3022.
Noginov, M. A., Zhu, G., Drachev, V. P., and Shalaev, V. M. (2007). Nanophotonics with
Surface Plasmons, chap. Surface Plasmons and Gain Media, Advances in NanoOptics and Nano-Photonics (Elsevier B. V.).
Nomura, S., and Kobayashi, T. (1992). Exciton–LO–phonon coupling in spherical semiconductor microcrystallites, Phys. Rev. B 45, p. 1305.
Nordlander, P., and Le, F. (2006). Plasmonic structure and electromagnetic field enhancements in the metallic nanoparticle-film system, Appl. Phys. B 84, p. 35.
Norris, D. J., Efros, A. L., Rosen, M., and Bawendi, M. G. (1996). Size dependence of
exciton fine structure in CdSe quantum dots, Phys. Rev. B 53, p. 16347.
Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K., Morozov, S. V., Jiang, D., Katsnelson, M. I., Grigorieva,
I. V., Dubonos, S. V., and Firsov, A. A. (2005a). Two-dimensional gas of massless
dirac fermions in graphene, Nature 438, p. 197.
Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K., Morozov, S. V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S. V.,
Grigorieva, I. V., and Firsov, A. A. (2004). Electric field effect in atomically thin
carbon films, Science 306, p. 666.
December 22, 2010
318
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Bibliography
Novoselov, K. S., Jiang, D., Schedin, F., Booth, T. J., Khotkevich, V. V., Morozov, S. V.,
and Geim, A. K. (2005b). Two-dimensional atomic crystals, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
USA 102, p. 10451.
Novotny, L., and Hecht, B. (2006). Principles of Nano-Optics (Cambridge University
Press).
Nozik, A. J. (2001). Spectroscopy and hot electron relaxation dynamics in semiconductor
quantum wells and quantum dots, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 52, p. 193.
O’Brien, S., McPeake, D., Ramakrishna, S. A., and Pendry, J. B. (2004). Near-infrared
photonic band gaps and nonlinear effects in negative magnetic metamaterials, Phys.
Rev. B 69, p. 241101.
Ohtsu, M., Kobayashi, K., Kawazoe, T., Yatsui, T., and Naruse, M. (2008). Principles of
Nanophotonics, Series in Optics and Optoelectronics (CRC Press).
Onida, G., Reining, L., and Rubio, A. (2002). Electronic excitations: density
functional versus many-body Green’s-function approach, Rev. Mod. Phys. 74,
pp. 601–656.
Ozbay, E. (2006). Plasmonics: merging photonics and electronics at nanoscale dimensions,
Science 311, p. 189.
Pal, M., Serrano, J. G., Santiago, P., and Pal, U. (2007). Size-conytroled syntesis of
spherical TiO2 nanoparticles: morphology, crystallization, and phase transition,
J. Phys. Chem. 111, p. 96.
Palik, E. D. (ed.) (1985). Optical Constants of Solids (Academic Press).
Pan, C., Dassenoy, F., Casanove, M.-J., Philippot, K., Amiens, C., Lecante, P., Mosset,
A., and Chaudret, B. (1999). A new synthetic method toward bimetallic ruthenium
platinum nanoparticles: composition induced structural changes, J. Phys. Chem. B
112, p. 10098.
Parazzoli, C., Greegor, R. B., Li, K., Koltenbah, B. E., and Tanielian, M. (2003). Experimental verification and simulation of negative index of refraction using Snell’s law,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, p. 107401.
Parilla, P. A., Dillon, A. C., Jones, K. M., Riker, G., Schulz, D. L., Ginley, D. S., and
Heben, M. J. (1999). The first true inorganic fullerenes? Nature 397, p. 114.
Park, J., and Cheon, J. (2001). Synthesis of solid solution and core-shell type cobaltplatinum magnetic nanoparticles via transmetalation reactions, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
130, p. 5743.
Park, Y.-S., Cook, A. K., and Wang, H. (2006). Cavity QED with diamond nanocrystals
and silica microspheres, Nano Letters. 6, p. 2075.
Parr, R. G., and Yang, W. (1989). Density Functional Theory of Atoms and Molecules
(Oxford University Press, New York).
Pasquarello, A., Hybertsen, M. S., and Car, R. (1995). Structurally relaxed models of the
Si(001)–SiO2 interface, Phys. Rev. Lett 74, p. 1024.
Patra, A., Hebalkar, N., Sreedhar, B., and Radhakrishnan, T. P. (2007). Formation and
growth of molecular nanocrystals probed by their optical properties, J. Phys. Chem.
C 111, p. 16184.
Peek, L. J., Middaugh, C. R., and Berkland, C. (2008). Nanotechnology in vaccine delivery,
Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60, p. 915.
Peeters, E., Ramos, A. M., Meskers, S. C. J., and Janssen, R. A. J. (2000). Singlet and
triplet excitations of chiral dialkoxy-p-phenylene vinylene oligomers, J. Chem. Phys.
112, p. 9445.
Pendry, J. B. (2000). Negative refraction makes a perfect lens, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85,
p. 3966.
Pendry, J. B. (2004). Negative refraction, Cont. Phys. 45, p. 191.
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Bibliography
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
319
Pendry, J. B., Holden, A. J., and Youngs, W. J. S. I. (1996). Extremely low frequency
plasmons in metallic mesostructures, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, p. 4773.
Pendry, J. B., Schurig, D., and Smith, D. R. (2006). Controlling electromagnetic fields.
Science 312, p. 1780.
Peng, X., Schlamp, M. C., Kadavanich, A. V., and Alivisatos, A. P. (1997). Epitaxial
growth of highly luminescent CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals with photostability
and electronic accessibility, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, p. 7019.
Peng, X. G., Manna, L., Yang, W. D., Wickham, J., Sher, E., Kadavanich, A.,
and Alivisatos, A. P. (2000). Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals, Nature 404,
p. 59.
Perdew, J. P., and Wang, Y. (1992). Accurate and simple analytic representation of the
electron-gas corelation energy, Phys. Rev. B 45, pp. 13244–13249.
Peres, N. M. R., Guinea, F., and Neto, A. H. C. (2006). Electronic properties of disordered
two-dimensional carbon, Phys. Rev. B 73, p. 125411.
Perevedentseva, E., Karmenyan, A., Chang, P.-H., He, Y.-T., and Cheng, C.-L. (2006).
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy of carbon nanostructures, Surf. Sci. 600,
p. 3723.
Persson, B. N. J. (1991). Surface resistivity and vibrational damping in adsorbed layers,
Phys. Rev. B 44, p. 3277.
Peters, R. (2007). Single-molecule fluorescence analysis of cellular nanomachinery components, Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struc. 36, p. 371.
Pfeiffer, L., West, K. W., Stormer, H. L., Eisenstein, J. P., Baldwin, K. W., and Gershoni,
D. (1990). Formation of a high quality two-dimensional electron gas on cleaved GaAs,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 56, p. 1697.
Pinchuk, A., Kalsin, A. M., Kowalczyk, B., Schatz, G. C., and Grzybowski, B. A. (2007).
Modeling of electrodynamic interaction between metal nanoparticles aggregated
by electrostatic interactions into closely-packed cluster, J. Phys. Chem. C 111,
p. 11816.
Pinchuk, A., Kreibig, U., and Hilger, A. (2004). Optical properties of metallic nanoparticles: influence of interface effects and interband transitions, Surf. Sci. 557, p. 269.
Pinkse, P. W. H., Fischer, T., Maunz, P., and Rempe, G. (2000). Trapping an atomwith
single photons, Nature 404, p. 365.
Pitarke, J. M., Silkin, V. M., Chulkov, E. V., and Echenique, P. M. (2007). Theory of
surface plasmons and surface-plasmon polaritons, Rep. Prog. Phys. 70, p. 1.
Plieth, W., Dietz, H., Anders, A., Sandmann, G., amd M. Weber, A. M., and Kneppe,
H. (2005). Electrochemical preparation of silver and gold nanoparticles: characterization by confocal and surface enhanced Raman microscopy, Surf. Sci. 597,
p. 119.
Podstawka, E., Kafarski, P., and Proniewicz, L. M. (2008). Effect of an aliphatic spacer
group on the adsorption mechanism on the colloidal silver surface of l-proline phosphonodipeptides, J. Raman Spectr. 39, p. 1726.
Pohl, D., Denk, W., and Lanz, M. (1984). Optical stethoscopy: image recording with
resolution λ/20, Appl. Phys. Lett. 44, p. 651.
Pope, M., and Swenberg, C. E. (1982). Electronic Processes in Organic Crystals (Oxford
University Press, New York).
Prezhdo, O. V. (2008). Multiple excitons and the electron–phonon bottleneck in semiconductor quantum dots: an ab initio perspective, Chem. Phys. Lett. 460, p. 1.
Priebe, A., Sinther, M., Fahsold, G., and Pucci, A. (2003). The correlation between film
thickness and adsorbate line shape in surface enhanced infrared absorption, J. Chem.
Phys. 119, p. 4887.
December 22, 2010
320
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Bibliography
Pristinski, D., Tan, S., Erol, M., Du, H., and Sukhishvili, S. (2007). In situ SERS study of
Rhodamine 6G adsorbed on individually immobilized Ag nanoparticles, J. Raman
Spectr. 38, p. 859.
Prodan, E., and Nordlander, P. (2004). Plasmon hybridization in spherical nanoparticles,
J. Chem. Phys. 120, p. 5444.
Puurunen, R. L. (2005). Surface chemistry of atomic layer deposition: a case study for the
trimethylaluminum/water process, J. Appl. Phys. 97, p. 121301.
Raether, H. (1988). Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings
(Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York).
Raimond, J. M., Brune, M., and Haroche, S. (2001). Colloquium: manipulating quantum
entanglement with atoms and photons in a cavity, Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, p. 565.
Raschke, G., Kowarik, S., Franzl, T., Snnichsen, C., Klar, T. A., Feldmann, J., Nichtl, A.,
and Kürzinger, K. (2003). Biomolecular recognition based on single gold nanoparticle
light scattering, Nano Lett. 3, p. 935.
Reimann, S. M., and Manninen, M. (2002). Electronic structure of quantum dots, Rev.
Mod. Phys. 74, p. 1283.
Reithmaier, J. P., Sek, G., Löffler, A., Hofmann, C., Kuhn, S., Reitzenstein, S., Keldysh,
L. V., Kulakovskii, V. D., Reinecke, T. L., and Forchel, A. (2004). Strong coupling
in a single quantum dotsemiconductor microcavity system, Nature 432, p. 197.
Richter, H., Wang, Z. P., and Ley, L. (1981). The one phonon Raman spectrum in microcrystalline silicon, Sol. St. Comm. 39, p. 625.
Ritchie, R. H. (1957). Plasma losses by fast electrons in thin films. Phys. Rev. 106,
p. 874.
Ritchie, R. H. (1973). Surface plasmons in solids, Surf. Sci. 34, p. 1.
Ritchie, R. H., and Eldridge, H. B. (1962). Optical emission from irradiated foils. I, Phys.
Rev. 126, p. 1935.
Rittenhouse, T. L., Bohna, P. W., Hossain, T. K., Adesida, I., Lindesay, J., and Marcus, A.
(2004). Surface-state origin for the blueshifted emission in anodically etched porous
silicon carbide, J. Appl. Phys. 95, p. 490.
Roca, E., Trallero-Ginner, C., and Cardona, M. (1994). Polar optical vibrations in quantum
dots, Phys. Rev. B 49, p. 13704.
Roco, M. C. (2003). Nanotechnology: convergence with modern biology and medicine,
Curr. Op. Biotechn. 14, p. 337.
Rohlfing, M., and Louie, S. G. (1998). Excitons and optical absorption spectrum of hydrogenated Si clusters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, p. 3320.
Rohlfing, M., and Pollmann, J. (2002). Localization of optically excited states by selftrapping, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, p. 176801.
Rolo, A. G., Vasilevskiy, M. I., Hamma, M., and Trallero-Giner, C. (2008). Anomalous
first-order Raman scattering in III–V quantum dots: optical deformation potential
interaction, Phys. Rev. B. 78, p. 081304.
Rosenthal, S. J., McBride, J., Pennycook, S. J., and Feldman, L. C. (2007). Synthesis,
surface studies, composition and structural characterization of CdSe, core/shell and
biologically active nanocrystals, Surf. Sci. Rep. 62, p. 111.
Rothemund, P. W. K., Ekani-Nkodo, A., Papadakis, N., Kumar, A., Fygenson, D. K., and
Winfree, E. (2004). Design and characterization of programmable DNA nanotubes,
JACS 126, p. 16344.
Ruck, T. G. (1970). Radar Cross Section Handbook, Vol. 1 (Plenum, New York).
Ruffino, F., Bongiorno, C., Gianazzo, F., Roccaforte, F., Raineri, V., and Grimaldi, M. G.
(2007). Effect of surrounding environment on atomic structure and equilibrium shape
of growing nanocrystals: gold in/on SiO2 , Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2, p. 240.
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Bibliography
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
321
Rumpel, A., Manschwetus, B., Lilienkamp, G., Schmidt, H., and Daum, W. (2006). Polarity of space charge fields in second-harmonic generation spectra of Si(100)/SiO2
interfaces, Phys. Rev. B 74, p. 081303(R).
Saito, R., Dresselhaus, G., and Dresselhaus, M. S. (1998). Physical Properties of Carbon
Nanotubes (Imperial College Press, London).
Saleh, B. E. A., and Teich, M. C. (2007). Fundamentals of Photonics, 2nd edn. (Wiley).
Sano, H., and Muzitani, G. (2003). Ab initio calculation of surface nonlinear optical response, Surf. Sci. Nanotechn. 1, p. 57.
Sarychev, A. K., McPhedran, R. C., and Shalaev, V. M. (2000). Electrodynamics of metal–
dielectric composites and electromagnetic crystals, Phys. Rev. B 62, p. 8531.
Sarychev, A. K., and Shalaev, V. M. (2007). Electrodynamics of Metamaterials (World
Scientific).
Sasai, R., Fujita, T., Iyi, N., Itoh, H., and Takagi, K. (2002). Aggregated structures of
Rhodamine 6G intercalated in a fluor-taeniolite thin film, Langmuir 18, p. 6578.
Sasovskaya, I. I., and Korabel, V. P. (1986). Optical properties of α- and β-CuZn brasses
in the region of quantum absorption, Phys. Stat. Sol. B 134, p. 621.
Sato, S., and Suzuki, T. (1997). Study of surface-enhanced IR absorption spectroscopy
over evaporated au films in an ultrahigh vacuum system. Appl. Spectrosc. 51,
p. 1170.
Schatz, G. C., Young, M. A., and Duyne, R. P. V. (2006). Electromagnetic mechanism of
SERS, in K. Kneipp, H. Kneipp and M. Moskovits (eds.), Surface Enhanced Raman
Scattering. Physics and Applications, Topics Appl. Phys., Vol. 103 (Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg), p. 19.
Scheblykin, I. G., Yartsev, A., Pullerits, T., Gulbinas, V., and Sundstrom, V. (2007).
Excited state and charge photogeneration dynamics in conjugated polymers, J. Phys.
Chem. B 111, p. 6303.
Scheiner, J., Goldhahn, R., Cimalla, V., Ecke, G., Attenberger, W., Lindner, J. K. M.,
Gobsch, G., and Pezoldt, J. (1999). Spectroscopic ellipsometry studies of heteroepitaxially grown cubic silicon carbide layers on silicon, Mat. Sci. Eng. B61-62,
p. 526.
Schiek, M., Balzer, F., Al-Shamery, K., Brewer, J. R., Lützen, A., and Rubahn, H.-G.
(2008). Organic molecular nanotechnology, Small 2, p. 176.
Schmidt, T., Schütz, G. J., Baumgartner, W., Gruber, H. J., and Schindler, H. (1996).
Imaging of single molecule diffusion, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 93, p. 2926.
Schmidt, W. G., Bechstedt, F., and Bernholc, J. (2001). Terrace and step contributions to
the optical anisotropy of Si(001) surfaces, Phys. Rev. B 63, p. 045322.
Schmitt, A. L., Bierman, M. J., Himpsel, D. S. F. J., and Jin, S. (2006). Synthesis and
properties of single-crystal FeSi nanowires, Nano Letters 6, p. 1617.
Schreder, B., and Kiefer, W. (2001). Raman spectroscopy of II-VI semiconductor nanostructures, in I. R. Lewis and H. G. M. Edwards (eds.), Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy: From the Research Laboratory to the Process Line (CRC Press), p. 491.
Schuster, A. (1904). An Introduction to the Theory of Optics (Arnold, London).
Schwartzberg, A., Olson, T. Y., Talley, C. E., and Zhang, J. Z. (2006). Synthesis, characterization, and tunable optical properties of hollow gold nanospheres, J. Phys.
Chem. B 110, p. 19935.
Schwartzberg, A., and Zhang, J. Z. (2008). Novel optical properties and emerging applications of metal nanostructures, J. Phys. Chem. C 112, p. 10323.
Scully, M. O., and Zubairy, M. S. (1997). Quantum Optics (Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge).
Seeman, N. C. (2003). DNA in a material world, Nature 421, p. 427.
December 22, 2010
322
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Bibliography
Seidel, J., Grafström, S., and Eng, L. (2004). Stimulated emission of surface plasmons at
the interface between a silver film and an optically pumped dye solution, Phys. Rev.
Lett 94, p. 177401.
Shalaev, V. M. (2000). Nonlinear Optics of Random Media, Springer Tracts in Modern
Physics, Vol. 158 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg).
Shalaev, V. M. (2007). Optical negative-index metamaterials, Nature Photonics 1,
p. 41.
Shalaev, V. M., Poliakov, E. Y., and Markel, V. A. (1996). Small-particle composites. II.
Nonlinear optical properties, Phys. Rev. B 53, p. 2437.
Shalaev, V. M., and Sarychev, A. K. (1998). Nonlinear optics of random metal–dielectric
films, Phys. Rev. B 57, p. 13265.
Shalaev, V. M., and Träger, F. (2006). Special issue: Optics on the nanoscale: principles,
instrumentation and applications, Appl. Phys. B 84, p. 1.
Shelby, R., Smith, D. R., and Schultz, S. (2001). Experimental verification of a negative
index of refraction, Science 292, p. 77.
Shen, Y. R. (2003). The Principles of Nonlinear Optics, 2nd edn. (Wiley).
Shimizu, K., K.Woo, W., Fisher, B. R., Eisler, H. J., and Bawendi, M. (2002). Surfaceenhanced emission from single semiconductor nanocrystals, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89,
p. 117401.
Shukla, N., and Nigra, M. M. (2007). Synthesis and self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles, Surface Science 601, p. 2615.
Shvets, G., and Urzhumov, Y. A. (2006). Negative index meta-materials based on twodimensional metallic structures. J. Opt. A 8, p. S122.
Silinsh, E. A., and Capek, V. (1994). Organic Molecular Crystals: Interaction, Localization
and Transport Phenomena (AIP Press, New York).
Silveirinha, M. G., Alu, A., and Engheta, N. (2008). Cloaking mechanism with antiphase
plasmonic satellites, Phy. Rev. B 78, p. 205109.
Singh, T. B., and Sariciftci, N. S. (2006). Progress in plastic electronics devices, Annu.
Rev. Mater. Res. 36, p. 199.
Singha, A., and Roy, A. (2005). Surface confinement and surface phonon modes in CdSe–
CdS core-shell nanocrystals, Rev. Adv. Mater. 10, p. 462.
Sipe, J. E., and Boyd, R. W. (2002). Nanocomposite materials for nonlinear optics based
on local field effect, in V. M. Shalaev (ed.), Optical Properties of Nanostructured
Random Media (Springer, Berlin, Hedelberg), p. 1.
Sivukhin, D. V. (1957). The energy of electromagnetic waves in dispersive media. Opt.
Spektrosk 3, p. 308.
Smalley, R. E. (1997). Discovering the fullerenes, Rev. Mod. Phys. 69, p. 723.
Smith, D. R., Padilla, W. J., Vier, D. C., Nemat-Nasser, S. C., and Schultz, S. (2000). Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 84, p. 4184.
Stahrenberg, K., Herrmann, T., Esser, N., Sahm, J., Richter, W., Hoffmann, S. V., and
Hofmann, P. (1998). Surface state contribution of the optical anisotropy of Ag(110)
surface: a reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy and photoemission study, Phys. Rev.
B 58, p. R10207.
Stockman, M. I. (2006). Electromagnetic theory of SERS, in K. Kneipp, H. Kneipp and
M. Moskovits (eds.), Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering. Physics and Applications,
Topics Appl. Phys., Vol. 103 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg), p. 47.
Strauf, S., Hennessy, K., Rakher, M. T., Choi, Y.-S., Badolato, A., Andreani, L. C., Hu,
E. L., Petroff, P. M., and Bouwmeester, D. (2006). Self-tuned quantum dot gain in
photonic crystal lasers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, p. 127404.
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Bibliography
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
323
Stroscio, M. A., and Dutta, M. (2001). Phonons in Nanostructures (Cambridge University
Press).
Su, X., Zhang, J. J., Sun, L., Koo, T.-W., Chan, S., Sundararajan, N., Yamakawa, M.,
and Berlin, A. A. (2005). Composite organic-inorganic nanoparticles (coins) with
chemically encoded optical signatures, Nano Lett. 5, p. 49.
Sun, F., Cai, W., Li, Y., Duan, G., Nichols, W. T., Liang, C., Koshizaki, N., Feng, Q.,
and Boyd, I. W. (2005). Laser morphological manipulation of gold nanoparticles
periodically arranged on solid supports, Appl. Phys. B , 81, p. 765.
Sun, L., Sung, K.-B., Dentinger, C., Lutz, B., Nguyen, L., Zhang, J., Qin, H., Yamakawa,
M., Cao, M., Lu, Y., Chmura, A. J., Zhu, J., Su, X., Berlin, A. A., Chan, S., and
Knudsen, B. (2007). Composite organic-inorganic nanoparticles as Raman labels for
tissue analysis, Nano Lett. 7, p. 351.
Sun, Z., and Yang, B. (2006). Fabrication of colloidal crystals and construction of ordered
nanostructures, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 1, p. 46.
Suzuki, N., and Ito, S. (2006). Synthesis and optical property of β-brass colloid, J. Phys.
Chem. B 110, p. 2084.
Takeoka, S., Toshikiyo, K., Fujii, M., Hayashi, S., and Yamamoto, K. (2000). Photoluminescence from Si1−x Gex alloy nanocrystals, Phys. Rev. B 61, p. 15988.
Tamura, A., Higeta, K., and Ichinokawa, T. (1982). Lattice vibrations and specific heat of
a small particle, J. Phys. C 15, p. 4975.
Tamura, A., Higeta, K., and Ichinokawa, T. (1983). The size dependence of vibrational
eigenfrequencies and the mean square vibrational displacement of a small particle,
J. Phys. C 16, p. 1585.
Taneja, P., Ayyub, P., and Chandra, R. (2002). Size dependence of the optical spectrum
in nanocrystalline silver, Phys. Rev. B 65, p. 245412.
Tennakone, K., Perera, V. P. S., Kottegoda, I. R. M., and Kumara, G. R. R. A. (1999).
Dye-sensitized solid state photovoltaic cell based on composite zinc oxide/tin (IV)
oxide films, J. Phys. D 32, p. 374.
Teranishi, T., and Miyake, M. (1999). Novel synthesis of monodispersed Pd/Ni nanoparticles, Chem. Mater. 20, p. 3414.
Tian, Z.-Q., Ren, B., and Wu, D.-Y. (2002). Surface-enhanced Raman scattering: from
noble to transition metals and from rough surfaces to ordered nanostructures,
J. Phys. Chem. B 106, p. 9463.
Toyama, T., Kotany, Y., Shimode, A., and Okamoto, H. (1999). Direct transition at the
fundamental gap in light-emitting nanocrystalline Si thin films, Appl. Phys. Lett.
74, p. 3323.
Trallero-Giner, C., Debernardi, A., Cardona, M., and Ekimov, A. (1998). Optical vibrons in CdSe dots and dispersion relation of the bulk material, Phys. Rev. B 57,
p. 4664.
Trinkler, L., Berzina, B., Kasjan, D., and Chen, L.-C. (2007). Luminescence properties of
AlN nanostructures revealed under UV light irradiation, J. Phys. C 93, p. 012040.
Troullier, N., and Martins, J. L. (1991). Efficient pseudopotentials for plane-wave calculations, Phys. Rev. B 43, p. 1993.
Tu, Y., and Tersoff, J. (2002). Microscopic dynamics of silicon oxidation, Phys. Rev. Lett.
89, p. 86102.
Tudos, A. J., and Schasfoort, R. B. M. (2008). Introduction to surface plasmon resonance,
in R. B. M. Schasfoort and A. J. Tudos (eds.), Handbook of Surface Plasmon Resonance (RCS Publishing, Cambridge), p. 1.
Tyagai, V. A., and Snitko, O. V. (1980). Electroreflectance of Light in Semiconductors
(Naukova Dumka, Kiev).
December 22, 2010
324
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Bibliography
Uchiyama, T., and Tsukada, M. (1996). Atomic and electronic structures of oxygenadsorbed Si(001) surfaces, Phys. Rev. B 53, p. 7917.
Ushida, J., Ohta, T., and Cho, K. (1999). Radiative lifetime of an atom in- and outside of
planar/spherical dielectrics, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 68, p. 2439.
van den Brink, J., Brocks, G., and Morpurgo, A. F. (2005). Electronic correlations in
oligo-thiophene molecular crystals, J. Mag. Mag. Mat. 290-291, p. 294.
Vasko, F. T., and Raichev, O. E. (2005). Quantum kinetic theory and applications. Electrons, photons, phonons. (Springer, NY).
Venger, E. F., Goncharenko, A. V., and Dmitruk, M. L. (1999). Optics of Small Particles
and Disperse Media (Naukova Dumka, Kiev).
Verma, P., Cordts, W., Irmer, G., and Monecke, J. (1999). Acoustic vibrations of semiconductor nanocrystals in doped glasses, Phys. Rev. B 60, p. 5778.
Veselago, V. G. (1968). The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative
values of ε and μ, Sov. Phys. Uspekhi 10, p. 509.
Volkov, V. V., Asahi, T., Masuhara, H., Masuhara, A., Kasai, H., Oikawa, H., and Nakanishi, H. (2004). Size-dependent optical properties of polydiacetylene nanocrystal,
J. Phys. Chem. B 108, p. 7674.
Vučković, J., Lončar, M., Mabuchi, H., and Scherer, A. (2001). Design of photonic crystal
microcavities for cavity qed, Phys. Rev. A 65, p. 016608.
Walmsley, I. A. (2008). Looking to the future of quantum optics, Science 319, p. 1211.
Wang, C.-J., and Lin, L. Y. (2007). Nanoscale waveguiding method, Nanoscale Res. Lett.
2, p. 219.
Wang, F., Tan, W. B., Zhang, Y., Fan, X., and Wang, M. (2006). Luminescent nanomaterials for biological labelling, Nanotechnology 17, p. R1.
Wang, J., Gudiksen, M. S., Duan, X., Cui, Y., and Lieber, C. M. (2001). Highly polarized photoluminescence and photodetection from single indium phosphide nanowires,
Science 293, p. 1455.
Wang, J., Zhu, W., Zhang, Y., and Liu, S. (2007). An efficient two-step technique for
nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide synthesizing: visible-light-induced photodecomposition of methylene blue, J. Phys. Chem. 111, p. 1010.
Wang, N., Jenkin, J. K., v. Chernjak, and Mukamel, S. (1994). Exciton confinement and
nonlocal nonlinear optical response of organic quantum wells, Phys. Rev. B 49,
p. 17079.
Wang, X.-L., and Voliotis, V. (2006). Epitaxial growth and optical properties of semiconductor quantum wires, J. Appl. Phys. 99, p. 121301.
Wang, Y., Kim, M. J., Shan, H., Kittrell, C., Fan, H., Ericson, L. M., Hwang, W.-F.,
Arepalli, S., Hauge, R. H., and Smalley, R. E. (2005). Continued growth of singlewalled carbon nanotubes, Nano Letters 5, p. 997.
Wang, Z., and Li, R.-X. (2007). Fabrication of DNA micropatterns on the polycarbonate
surface of compact discs, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2, p. 69.
Wang, Z. L. (2004). Functional oxide nanobelts: Materials, properties and potential applications in nanosystems and biotechnology, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 55, p. 159.
Watanabe, K., Menzel, D., Nilius, N., and Freund, H.-J. (2006). Photochemistry on metal
nanoparticles, Chem. Rev. 106, p. 4301.
Wei, J., Jia, Y., Shu, Q., Gu, Z., Wang, K., Zhuang, D., Zhang, G., Wang, Z., Luo, J., Cao,
A., and Wu, D. (2007). Double-walled carbon nanotube solar cells, Nano Letters 7,
p. 2317.
Weissleder, R., Kelly, K., Sun, E. Y., Shtatland, T., and Josephson, L. (2005). Cell-specific
targeting of nanoparticles by multivalent attachment of small molecules, Nature.
Biotechnology 23, p. 1418.
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Bibliography
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
325
White, C. T. and Mintmire, J. W. (2005). Fundamental properties of single-wall carbon
nanotubes, J. Chem. Phys. B 109, p. 52.
Wiley, B. J., Chen, T., McLellan, J. M., Xiong, Y., Li, Z.-Y., Ginger, D., and Xia, Y.
(2007). Synthesis and optical properties of silver nanobars and nanorice, Nano Letters
7, p. 1032.
Willets, K. A., Hall, W. P., Sherry, L. J., Zhang, X., Zhao, J., and Duyne, R. P. V. (2007).
Nanoscale localized surface plasmon resonance biosensors, in C. A. Mirkin and C. M.
Niemeyer (eds.), Nanobiotechnology II (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim), p. 159.
Williamson, A. J., and Zunger, A. (1999). InAs quantum dots: Predicted electronic structure of free-standing versus GaAs-embedded structures, Phys. Rev. B 59, p. 15819.
Wiser, N. (1963). Dielectric constant with local field effects included, Phys. Rev. 129,
p. 62.
Wolkin, M. V., Jorne, J., Fauchet, P. M., Allan, G., and Delerue, C. (1999). Electronic
states and luminescence in porous silicon quantum dots: The role of oxygen, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 82, p. 197.
Wood, R. W. (1902). On a remarkable case of uneven distribution of light in a diffraction
grating spectrum, Phil. Mag. 4, p. 396.
Wood, R. W. (1935). Anomalous diffraction gratings, Phys. Rev. 48, p. 928.
Xu, C., and Bakker, E. (2007). Multicolor quantum dot encoding for polymeric particlebased optical ion sensors, Anal. Chem. 79, p. 3716.
Xu, H., Aizpurua, J., Käll, M., and Apell, P. (2000). Fundamentals of semiconductors.
Physics and Materials Properties, Phys. Rev. B 62, p. 4318.
Xu, X., and III, W. A. G. (2004). The extended Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof functional with
improved accuracy for thermodynamic and electronic properties of molecular systems, J.Chem. Phys. B 121, p. 4068.
Xu, X., Sun, B., Berman, P. R., Steel, D. G., Bracker, A. S., Gammon, D., and Sham,
L. J. (2007). Coherent optical spectroscopy of a strongly driven quantum dot, Science
317, p. 929.
Yablonovitch, E. (2001). Photonic crystals: semiconductors of light, Scientific American
N12, p. 47.
Yang, W. H., Hulteen, J., Schatz, G. C., and Duyne, R. J. V. (1995). A surfaceenhanced hyper-Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering study of trans-1,2bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene adsorbed onto silver film over nanosphere electrodes. Vibrational assignments: Experiment and theory, J. Chem. Phys. 104, p. 4313.
Yao, H.-B., Gao, M.-R., and Yu, S.-H. (2010). Small organic molecule templating synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid materials: their nanostructures and properties,
Nanoscale 2, p. 323.
Yashuda, T., Yamasaki, S., Nishizawa, M., Miyata, N., Shklyaev, A., Ichikawa, M., Matsumoto, T., and Ohta, T. (2001). Optical anisotropy of oxidized Si(001) surfaces and
its oscillation in the layer-by-layer oxidation process, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, p. 037403.
Ye, C., Pan, S. S., Teng, X. M., Fan, H. T., and Li, G. H. (2007). Preparation and optical
properties of nanocrystalline thin films in the ZnO–TiO2 system, Appl. Phys. A 90,
p. 375.
Yildiz, A., and Selvin, P. R. (2005). Fluorescence imaging with one nanometer accuracy:
application to molecular motors, Acc. Chem. Res 38, p. 574.
Yin, Y., and Alivisatos, P. (2005). Colloidal nanocrystal synthesis and the organicinorganic interface, Nature 437, p. 665.
Yoffe, A. D. (2001). Semiconductor quantum dots and related systems: electronic, optical,
luminescence and related properties of low dimensional systems, Adv. Phys. 50,
p. 1.
December 22, 2010
326
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Bibliography
Yu, P. Y., and Cardona, M. (2010). Fundamentals of Semiconductors: Physics and Materials Properties, 4th edn. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York).
Yu, Y. Z., Wong, K. Y., and Garito, A. F. (1997). Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules
and Polymers, chap. Introduction to Nonlinear Optics (CRC Press).
Zahn, M. (1979). Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach (Wiley).
Zhang, J.-Y., and Xiao, X.-Y. W. M. (2002). Modification of spontaneous emission from
CdSe/CdS quantum dots in the presence of a semiconductor interface, Optics Letters
27, p. 1253.
Zhang, Y., Tan, Y.-W., Stormer, H. L., and Kim, P. (2005). Experimental observation of
the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene, Nature 438, p. 201.
Zhang, Z. Y., and Langreth, D. C. (1989). Electronic damping of adsorbate fundamental
and overtone vibrations at metal surfaces. Phys. Rev. B 39, p. 10028.
Zhao, J., Dieringer, J. A., Zhang, X., Schatz, G. C., and Duyne, R. P. V. (2008).
Wavelength-scanned surface-enhanced resonance Raman excitation spectroscopy,
J. Phys. Chem. C 112, p. 19302.
Zhao, L. L., Jensen, L., and Schatz, G. C. (2006). Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of
pyrazine at the junction between two Ag20 nanoclusters, Nano Letters 6, p. 1229.
Zharov, A. A., Shadrivov, I. V., and Kivshar, Y. S. (2003). Nonlinear properties of lefthanded metamaterials, Phy. Rev. Lett. 91, p. 037401.
Zhu, G., Mayy, M., Bahoura, M., Ritzo, B. A., Gavrilenko, H. V., Gavrilenko, V. I., and
Noginov, M. A. (2008). Elongation of surface plasmon polariton propagation length
without gain, Optics Express 16, p. 15576.
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
Index
additional boundary conditions (ABC),
123
Autler–Townes splitting, 194
dielectric function, 52–55, 289
differential scattering cross section, 176
Dirac point, 38
discrete dipole approximation, 93, 175
DNA-based nanotechnology, 29
dressed state, 186
Drude model, 48, 62
band folding, 216
Bethe–Salpeter equation, 122, 148
bioconjugates, 263
biolabels, 19
biological nanomaterials, 29
biosensors, 272, 275
Bloch functions, 285, 286
Bloch integrals, 291, 292
block conjugated polymers, 255
Bosonic operators, 293
effective mass approximation (EMA), 34,
126
effective medium approximation, 67
electric field induced SHG (EFISH), 211,
215
electro-optical spectroscopy, 215
electromagnetic field enhancements, 68
electromagnetic wave equation, 44
electron charge density, 285
electron–phonon coupling, 151
electroreflectance, 215
entanglement, 182–185, 189
exciton, 119
biexcitons, 144
Bohr radius, 123
Frenkel, 119
singlet exciton, 122
triplet exciton, 122
Wannier–Mott, 119, 120
exciton Raman scattering, 155
C-dot, 19, 263
carbon fibers, 9
carbon nanotubes, 5, 7
charge conservation, 44
chemisorption, 3, 172
chromoionophore, 257
Clausius–Mossotti equation, 67
COIN (composite organic-inorganic
nanoparticles), 269
colloidal crystals, 26
conjugated polymers, 29, 243
constitutive relations, 43
continuity equation, 44
Coulomb interaction, 62
fabrication, 1
GaN nanowires, 108
Ag nanoparticles, 26
carbon nanoparticles, 7
CdSe nanocrystals, 18
CdSe-ZnS core/shell nanocrystals, 19
CVD technique, 2
Davydov splitting, 249
deformation potential interaction, 151
delta function, 288
density functional theory (DFT), 50, 279
density of states, 38, 280
density operator, 285, 286
327
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
328
DAE-E DX tile nanotubes, 30
FePt nanoparticles, 27
GaMnN nanostructures, 21
GaN nanowires, 21
Stranski–Krastanow growth, 2
titania nanoparticles, 15
Fabry–Perot resonator, 185
Fermi energy, 280
fluorescence emitters, 262
fluorophores, 262
Fourier transform, 287
Fröhlich constant, 155
Fröhlich interaction, 151, 153
fullerenes, 5
graphene, 9, 11, 36
Green’s function, 170
Hückel model, 245
highest occupied molecular orbital
(HOMO), 35, 283
Holliday junction, 267
hollow nanoparticles, 23, 75
hot spot, 69, 168, 177
hyper-polarizability, 203
hyper-Rayleigh scattering, 203
interchain polymer distance, 253
invisibility cloak, 82
Jaynes–Cummings model (JCM), 183
jellium approximation, 90
Kirkendall diffusion effect, 23
Laplace equation, 63
LC nanoelement circuit, 223
left-handed materials, 78
lithography, 13
local density approximation (LDA), 282
local field, 53
local field effect, 46, 54, 291
localized atomic orbitals (LCAO), 35
Lorentz force, 222
Lorentz-force field, 224
lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
(LUMO), 283
matrix representation, 286
Maxwell’s equations, 43
Index
Maxwell–Garnett approximation, 67
metallic carbides, 5
metamaterials, 77, 221
Mie resonance, 224
Mie theory, 62, 65, 91
MOCVD, 22
molecular nanocrystals, 234
Mollow triplet, 192
Moore’s law, 261
nanocomposites, 238, 240
nanoporous carbon, 6
near-field optics, 84
negative-index materials, 81
nonlinear optics, 202
normal modes, 150
oligomers, 235
optical field Hamiltonian, 293
optical functions
dielectric constant, 43
dielectric permittivity, 43, 81
displacement, 43
extinction coefficient, 44
index of refraction, 44
magnetic permeability, 43
permeability, 81
polarizability, 46
refraction coefficient, 44
susceptibility, 43, 48
optical labeling, 262
optical loss, 47
optical rectification, 45
organic nanocrystals, 234
organic nanofibers, 235
oscillator strength, 42
para-quaterphenylene, 235
perturbation theory, 285
phase velocity, 45
phonon bottleneck, 147
phonon confinement, 161, 162
phonons, 150
photonic crystal, 190
physisorption, 3
plane wave representation, 291
plasma excitations, 59
plasma frequency, 48
plasmon resonance, 62
electrostatic theory, 63
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
December 22, 2010
13:5
World Scientific Book - 9.75in x 6.5in
Index
plasmonic density of states, 73
plasmonics, 59
PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate), 4
Poisson equation, 289
polarization function, 45, 46, 52, 288,
291
polymer–metallic nanomaterials, 29
polymers, 4, 239
potential well, 34
Purcell effect, 188
Purcell factor, 188
quantization of the field, 293
quantum confinement, 35, 40
quantum dots, 41
quantum electrodynamics (QED), 181
quantum well, 33
quasiparticle, 34, 283
quasistatic approximation, 63
Rabi oscillations, 184
Raman polarization function, 150
Raman spectroscopy, 149, 160
surface effect, 164
Raman tensor, 150, 173
refractive index, 65, 80, 81
Rydberg atoms, 184
Schrödinger equation, 41, 120, 285
second harmonic generation, 205
second quantization, 293
Gavrilenko˙NanoOptics
329
sensors
biosensors, 263
polymer-based sensors, 257
silanization, 263
silicon carbide, 216
single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs),
124
spherical harmonics, 40
split-ring resonator, 223
strong coupling, 183, 188
surfac-enhanced infrared absorption
(SEIRA), 271
surface-enhanced Raman scattering
(SERS), 149, 165, 219
surface plasmon polariton (SPP), 295
surface plasmon resonance (SPR), 61, 273,
297, 300
surface plasmons, 59
Taylor expansion, 285
Taylor series, 46
Thomas–Fermi approximation, 279
trioctylphosphine oxide, 258
two-level atomic system, 183
velocity operator, 292
vibronic states, 160
Wannier–Mott excitons, 120
weak coupling, 188
Wigner symbols, 128