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TORTORA • FUNKE
• CASE
Microbiology
AN INTRODUCTION
EIGHTH EDITION
B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein
Chapter 11
The Prokaryotes:
Domains Bacteria and Archaea
The Prokaryotes:
Domains Bacteria and Archaea
• One circular chromosome, not in a membrane
• No histones
• No organelles
• Peptidoglycan cell walls
• Binary fission
Learning objective:
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
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Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the aproteobacteria described in this chapter.
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Domain Bacteria
Bergey’s Manual
• Categorizes bacteria into taxa based upon rRNA
sequences
• Lists identifying characteristics like:
• Gram stain reaction
• cellular morphology
• oxygen requirements
• nutritional properties
• Prokaryotes classified into two domains:
• Bacteria
• Archaea
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• Bacteria
essential to life
on earth
• Proteobacteria
• Mythical
Greek god,
Proteus, who
could
assume
many shapes
• Gramnegative
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The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
• Human pathogens:
• Bartonella
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• B. hensela
Cat-scratch disease
• Brucella
Brucellosis
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1
The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
• Includes nitrogen-fixing bacteria, chemoautotrophs,
and chemoheterotrophs
• Obligate intracellular parasites:
• Ehrlichia. Tick-borne, ehrlichiosis
• Rickettsia. Arthropod-borne, spotted fevers
• R. prowazekii
Epidemic typhus
• R. typhi
Endemic murine typhus
• R. rickettsii
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.1
The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
• Wolbachia. Live in
insects and other
animals
• Have prosthecae:
• Caulobacter. Stalked
bacteria found in lakes
• In an infected pair,
only female hosts
can reproduce
• “Popcorn” strain
causes host cells to
lyse
• Hyphomicrobium.
Budding bacteria found
in lakes
• Possible biological
control of insects
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The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.2 & 3
The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
• Plant pathogen:
• Agrobacterium.
Insert a plasmid
into plant cells,
inducing a
tumor
• Chemoautotrophic:
• Oxidize nitrogen for energy
• Fix CO2
• Nitrobacter. NH3+ → NO2–
• Nitrosomonas. NO2– → NO3–
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Figure 9.17
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The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
The α (alpha) Proteobacteria
• Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria:
• Azospirillum
• Grow in soil,
using nutrients
excreted by
plants
• Produce acetic acid from ethyl alcohol:
• Acetobacter
• Gluconobacter
• Fix nitrogen
• Rhizobium
• Fix nitrogen in the
roots of plants
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Figure 27.5
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The β (beta) Proteobacteria
Learning objective:
Make a dichotomous key to distinguish among the β-proteobacteria
described in this chapter.
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The β (beta) Proteobacteria
The β (beta) Proteobacteria
• Spirillum volutans:
• Thiobacillus
• Chemoautotrophic, oxidize sulfur: H2S → SO4
2–
• Sphaerotilus
• Note polar flagella
• Chemoheterotophic, form sheaths
• Neisseria
Sphaerotilus natans:
• Chemoheterotrophic,
cocci
•Sheathed bacteria found
in dilute sewage and
aquatic environs
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• Chemoheterotrophic,
helical
• N. meningitidis
Figure 11.5
• N. gonorrhoeae (diplococci) – fimbriae attach
to mucous membranes
for greater pathogenicity
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Figure 11.4 & 6
3
The β (beta) Proteobacteria
• Bordetella
• Chemoheterotrophic, rods
• B. pertussis (pertussis or whooping cough)
• Burkholderia. Nosocomial infections (hospital infection)
• Extraordinary nutritional spectrum, able to degrade
> 100 different organic molecules, can grow in
disinfectant!
• Zoogloea. Slimy masses in aerobic sewage-treatment
processes – essential to sewage treatment
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The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
• Pseudomonadales:
• Pseudomonas
• Gram • Opportunistic
pathogens
• Metabolically
diverse
Learning objective:
• Polar flagella (characteristic, as in picture)
Make a dichotomous key to
distinguish among the γ proteobacteria described in this
chapter.
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• Azotobacter and Azomonas.
Nitrogen fixing
• Moraxella.
Conjunctivitis
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The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.7
The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
• Legionellales:
• Legionella
• Vibrionales:
• Found in streams,
warm-water pipes,
cooling towers of
air-conditioning
• Found in coastal water
• Vibrio cholerae causes
cholera
• L. pneumophilia
(Legionnaire's)
• Slight curvature of
rods
• Coxiella
• Q fever
transmitted via
aerosols or milk
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• V. parahaemolyticus
causes gastroenteritis
(raw/undercooked
shellfish)
Coxiella burnetii
Figure 24.15b
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Figure 11.8
4
The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
• The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
• Enterobacteriales (enterics – intestinal tracts):
• Peritrichous flagella, facultatively anaerobic
• Enterobacter
• Erwinia
• Escherichia
• Klebsiella
• Proteus
• Salmonella
• Serratia
• Shigella
• Yersinia
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The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
Proteus mirabilis – swarmer due to multiple flagella
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The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.9a, b
The γ (gamma) Proteobacteria
• Pasteurellales:
• Non-motile
• Beggiatoa
• Human and animal pathogens
• Chemoautotrophic, oxidize H2S to S0 for energy
• Pasteurella
• Interface between aerobic and anaerobic layers in
aquatic sediments
• Cause pneumonia and septicemia
• Haemophilus
• Factor in discovery of of autotrophic metabolism
(NAD+,
• Require X factor (heme) and V factor
NADP+) factors from blood hemoglobin
• H. influenzae – several important diseases
(meningitis, earaches, epiglotitis, bronchitis, etc.)
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• Francisella
• Chemoheterotrophic, tularemia
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The δ (delta) Proteobacteria
Learning objective:
Make a dichotomous key to
distinguish among the δ proteobacteria described in this
chapter.
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The δ (delta) Proteobacteria
The δ (delta) Proteobacteria
• Bdellovibrio. Prey on other bacteria
• Desulfovibrionales. Use S instead of O2 as final
electron acceptor (sulfur reducing)
• Releases tons of H2S into atmosphere, key part in
sulfur cycle
• Myxococcales. Gliding. Cells aggregate to form
myxospores (stalked fruiting body – 2nd slide next)
• Leave behind a slime trail (next slide)
• Nutrition from bacteria they encounter
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The δ (delta) Proteobacteria
Figure 11.10a
The ε (epsilon) Proteobacteria
Learning objective:
Make a dichotomous key to
distinguish among the ε proteobacteria described in this
chapter.
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Figure 11.1b
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The ε (epsilon) Proteobacteria
Helicobacter pylori:
• Helicobacter
Example of a helical
bacterium that doesn’t make a
complete twist (different from
spirochetes)
• Multiple flagella
• Peptic ulcers
• Stomach cancer
• Campylobacter
• One polar flagellum
• Gastroenteritis
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Figure 11.1a
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The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
• Oxygenic photosynthesis
• Once called blue-green algae
• Water species have gas vacuoles for
buoyancy
• Gliding motility
• Fix nitrogen in heterocysts
• Played important part in development of life
on earth, producing oxygen atmosphere
Learning objective:
Make a dichotomous key to
distinguish among the gramnegative nonproteobacteria
described in this chapter.
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cyanobacteria
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Figure 11.12a-c
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Purple and Green Photosynthetic Bacteria
Learning objective:
Compare and contrast purple and green photosynthetic bacteria
with cyanobacteria
• Anoxygenic photosynthesis
• Purple and green sulfur bacteria (bottom formula)
2H2O + CO2
2H2S + CO2
light
light
(CH2O) + H2O + O2
(CH2O) + H2O + 2S0
Purple sulfur bacteria: intracellular sulfur granules
(multicolored refractile objects (anoxygenic photoautotrophs)
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Firmicutes
Clostridiales
• Low G + C
Learning objective:
• Gram-positive
Make a dichotomous key to distinguish
among the low G + C gram-positive
described in this chapter.
• Clostridium
• Endosporeproducing
• Obligate anaerobes
• Endospores usually
distend the cell wall
• Epulopiscium
• Very large, shown
on the head of a
pin
• rRNA determined
placement with
prokaryotes
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Bacillales
Figure 11.14 & 15
Bacillales
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Cocci in grapelike clusters
• Gram-positive, produces enterotoxin
• Grow fairly well under high osmotic pressure
and low moisture (nasal secretions, skin,
ham and other cured meats)
• Bacillus
• Endospore-producing
rods
• B. anthracis - anthrax
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Figure 11.16b
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Figure 1.17
8
Lactobacillales
• Generally aerotolerant
anaerobes, lack an
electron-transport chain
Mycoplasmatales
Streptococcus – many of spherical
cells are dividing and somewhat oval
• Lactobacillus – lacticacid producing
• Streptococcus –
more illnesses and
diseases than any
other bacteria group
• Enterococcus –
intestinal tract, oral
cavity
• Filamentous growth of M.
pneumoniae
• Reproduces by
fragmentation of the
filaments
• Listeria –
contaminates dairy
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• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• No cell walls
• Pleomorphic (irregular
cells)
• Arrows indicate terminal
structures that likely aid
attachment to eukaryotic
cells
• 0.1 - 0.24 µm
Figure 11.18
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Actinobacteria
• High G + C
• Gram-positive
Figure 11.19a, b
Actinobacteria
Learning objective:
Make a dichotomous key to distinguish
among the high G + C gram-positive
described in this chapter.
• Actinomyces
• Corynebacterium
• Frankia
• Gardnerella
• Mycobacterium
• Nocardia
• Propionibacterium
• Streptomyces
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Figure 11.20b
• Streptomyces –
• Filamentous
branching growth
with asexual
reproductive
conidiospores at tips
• Make up much of
soil bacteria
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Actinomyces – notice branched filamentous morphology
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Chlamydiae
Generalized life cycle of Chlamydia (48 hours)
• C. trachomatis
• Trachoma
• STD, urethritis
• C. pneumoniae
• C. psittaci
• Causes psittacosis
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Generalized life cycle of Chlamydia
Figure 11.22a
Spirochaetes
• Borrelia
Spirochetes –
• Leptospira
•Helical, axial filaments under outer sheath
• Treponema
•Move by corkscrewlike rotation
Elementary bodies – infectious stage
Reticulate bodies – reproduce in host cell
Intermediate bodies – stage in between
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Figure 11.22b
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Phyla Bacteroidetes & Fusobacteria
Domain Archaea
• Anaerobic
• Bacteroides. In mouth and large intestine
• Cytophaga. Cellulose-degrading in soil
• Hyperthermophiles
(heat)
• Pyrodictium
• Fusobacterium
• Found in mouth
• May be involved in
dental diseases
Figure 11.23
• Sulfolobus
Archaea – Pyrodictium abyssi:
•Deep ocean, 110 degrees C
•Cells disk-shaped with network of
tubules (cannulae)
• Methanogens
(methane)
• Methanobacterium
• Extreme halophiles
(salt)
• Halobacterium
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Figure 11.25
10
Microbial Diversity
Microbial Diversity
Thiomargarita namibiensis:
• Few of the total number of prokaryotes have been
isolated and identified
•Energy from reduced sulfur
compounds
• PCR indicates up to 10,000 bacteria/gm of soil. Many
bacteria have not been identified or characterized
because they:
• Haven't been cultured
• Need special nutrients
• Bacteria size range
• Are part of complex food chains requiring the
products of other bacteria
• Thiomargarita
(750 µm) to
nanobacteria
(0.02 µm) in rocks
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• Need to be cultured to understand their metabolism
and ecological role
Figure 11.26
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11