Download BIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY ORGANIZATION

BIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY ORGANIZATION
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Biotechnology Industry Organization
!  
Large and small companies
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Academic institutions
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State biotechnology centers
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1100 members in more than 30 nations involved in
R&D of products in:
–  Food and Agriculture
–  Healthcare
–  Industrial Manufacturing, Energy, Environment
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10,000 years ago
Wild plants – Much genetic variation for most traits
rr
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RR Rr
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rr
RR Rr
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Harvest peas
Plant peas
that are
wrinkled
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Teosinte – The weed that is ancestor of corn
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Stage 1. Artificial Selection – work with existing variation
Stage 2: Selective Breeding (1650’s)
Controlled which plants reproduced;
then selected certain seeds for
next year’s crop.
female
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male
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Same Species
Shared gene pool
Can exchange genes
naturally through
sexual reproduction
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Same species
Same genus
Different species
“Wide Crosses” that would not occur naturally
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Different
genus
Same species
Different species
Same genus
Different species
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Selective Breeding Across Genera
Bread wheat has been
crossed with at least
eleven different species
in six different genera.
1890’s - first fertile
between-genus cross
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“Natural” Plant Breeding - Embryo Rescue
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Genetic Modification through Mutagenesis
When existing genetic variation in
accessible gene pools is limited…….
Plant breeders created new genes in crop
plants with mutagens, such as X-rays.
This form of genetic modification is
mutagenesis breeding.
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!   Since
the 1930s, plant
breeders have used
mutagenesis to
create new genes in
more than 2700 crop
varieties that were
introduced to the food
supply.
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Placing Genetic Engineering
in Context
Genetic Modification
Technologies
1983 - Add Plant Genetic Engineering
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Each dot - thousands of genes
Except single gene - disease resistance.
Thousands of genes with
Unknown functions
One gene
Known function
Inserted into
familiar crop variety.
new variety
“Genetically
Crops
Genetic
modification Modified”
technological continuum
•  Selective Breeding
-within same species (8000 BC)
- between different species* (1700s)
- between different genera* (1890s)
•  Mutagenesis Breeding* (1930s)
•  Genetic Engineering* (1983)
* - “unnatural”
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Chromosomes
“Genetically Modified” Crops
Each chromosome has thousands of genes
Selective Breeding between Species”
Crops
Familiar crop
Wild relative
Combining genomes
Genetic Engineering” Crops
“Genetically Modified” Crops
Familiar crop
Wild relative
Cisgenic Genetic Modification
Cisgene: A perfect gene copy
from a sexually compatible species
to introduce new alleles or
stack/move alleles to new genomic
location
Donor
Gene
Delivery
Recipient
Cisgenic
Genetic Engineering” Crops
“Genetically Modified” Crops
Familiar crop
Wild relative
Random insertion
of new gene
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Site Directed Integration
Targeted Gene Insertion
Site-Directed Integration into Plant Genome
New Gene Insertion
GOI
Targeted insertion could be either with cisgene or transgene
Chromosomes, Genes, Nucleotides
gene
Targeted Genome Modification
Targeted Genome Modification
Change existing genes in plant
Site directed deletion
Changing single genes
Delete single gene
Deleting single nucleotide
(Nucleotides – A,T,C,G)
Targeted Genome Modification
Targeted Gene Editing
Change existing genes in plant
Site-directed editing
Changing single genes
Alter sequence of nucleotides
Target - Gene Expression
- No change in nucleotides/genes
- Use methylation to turn plant genes on and off
Directed methylation
me
Reverse Breeding
Agro-Infiltration
Transient or Stable Introduction of rDNA ?
Category
Transient
introduction
Stable
integration
(Intermediate
step)
Stable
Integration
Technology
Notes
Genome editing*
DNA delivery
mechanism does not
involve stable rDNA
integration
Agro-infiltration
Genome editing*
Directed/Induced methylation
Reverse breeding
Cisgenic
Site directed integration
Intermediate plants
are transgenic, end
product does not
contain rDNA
Generally resembles
transgenesis
* Recombinant DNA may be transiently introduced or stably integrated as an intermediate step