Download CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Pavlov`s Conditioning Experiments

Chapter 5
Learning
Learning:
• Associative Learning:
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Pavlov's Conditioning Experiments
Elements of Classical Conditioning
• There are four basic elements to this transfer
• Unconditioned stimulus (US)
•
Unconditioned response (UR)
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Conditioned stimulus (CS)
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Conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned = learned
Why is Pavlov’s work important?
Unconditioned = unlearned
Classical Conditioning in Humans
Little Albert Study: John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
Mary Cover Jones:
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Desensitization therapy
Classical Conditioning Is Selective
•
Seligman's principles of preparedness and contrapreparedness
OPERANT CONDITIONING
•
•
Classical conditioning: respondent behavior
Vs.
Operant (or instrumental) conditioning: associate behaviors with
consequences
Is the organism learning associations between events that it doesn’t control?
(Classical conditioning)
OR
Is it learning associations between its behaviors and resulting events?
(Operant conditioning)
Elements of Operant Conditioning
• Thorndike
•
•
•
Reinforcement: increase the probability that a particular response will
occur in the future
•
Punishers: decrease the probability that a particular response will
reoccur
Thorndike proposed the law of effect
•
"stamped in"
•
"stamped out."
Reinforcement
Reinforcer:
• Positive reinforcer:
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Negative reinforcer:
Punishment
•
Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior
will recur.
•
Avoidance training
Learned Helplessness
COMPARING CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
Response Acquisition
• In classical conditioning
•
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Intermittent pairing
In operant conditioning
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Skinner box
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
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Shaping
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
• Extinction
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Spontaneous recovery
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Generalization and Discrimination
In classical conditioning,
• Stimulus generalization.
•
Stimulus discrimination
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In operant conditioning
• Response generalization
NEW LEARNING BASED ON ORIGINAL LEARNING
Higher-Order Conditioning in Classical Conditioning
•
Higher-order conditioning
Secondary Reinforcers in Operant Conditioning
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A primary reinforcer
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A secondary reinforcer
CONTINGENCIES
Contingencies in Classical Conditioning
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Blocking
Contingencies in Operant Conditioning
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Schedules of reinforcement.
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Partial reinforcement
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Fixed-interval schedule
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Variable-interval schedule
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Fixed-ratio schedule
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Variable-ratio schedule
COGNITIVE LEARNING
•
Latent learning
•
Cognitive map.
Insight and Learning Sets
• Insight
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Learning sets
Learning by Observing
•
Albert Bandura
• Contends that observational (or vicarious) learning accounts for
many aspects of human learning.
•
Vicarious reinforcement
•
Vicarious punishment.