Download Urinary System Practice Quiz and Exercises 1) Name the 4

Urinary System Practice Quiz and Exercises
1) Name the 4 main parts of the urinary system (4 marks)
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
2) Name 3 metabolic waste products excreted through the urinary system
(3 marks)
Urea, uric acid, creatinine
3) Which are the 2 most important electrolytes controlled by the kidneys?
(2 marks)
Sodium and potassium
4) How do the kidneys control blood pH? (2 marks)
Conserve bicarbonate and secrete H+
5) Name 2 hormones produced by the kidneys (2 marks)
Calcitriol
Erythropoietin
6) Name the 2 distinct regions that make up the internal structure of the kidneys
(2 marks)
Renal medulla
Renal cortex
7) What is the basic functional unit of the urinary system? (1 mark)
Nephron
8) Name the 3 sections of a renal tubule (3 marks)
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
9) How does the micturition process differ in babies and adults? (2 marks)
Infants = Reflex
Adults = Learned control of the external urethral sphincter and pelvic floor
muscles allows voluntary initiation and delay (for a limited time) of micturition.
10) Name the 3 processes the kidneys perform when forming urine (3 marks)
Glomerular filtration – Occurs in the renal corpuscle
Tubular reabsorption – Occurs in the renal tubules
Tubular secretion – Occurs in the renal tubules
11) Suggest 3 substances that should normally be found in the glomerular filtrate
(3 marks)
Water
Mineral salts
Amino acids
Ketoacids
Glucose
Hormones
Creatinine
Urea
Uric acid
Toxins
Some drugs
12) Give 2 ways that kidney structure is adapted to be good at filtration (2 marks)
The diameter of the efferent arteriole is less than that of the afferent arteriole
This increases the pressure for filtration
In addition the pores in glomerular capillaries and 50 time more leaky than
normal capillaries allowing water and solutes to pass through more easily
13) Explain the term autoregulation (1 mark)
Blood flow through nephrons is constant, despite normal changes in systolic
blood pressure 80-180 mmHg
This is controlled by adjusting the diameter of the arterioles bring blood into the
kidneys in response to blood pressure and filtrate flow rate
14) When you do a urine dipstick test you don’t expect to find protein, why?
(1 mark)
Plasma proteins are too big to pass through the glomerular pores
15) Give 2 examples of tubular reabsorbed substances (2 marks)
Water
Electrolytes
Amino acids and small proteins
Glucose
16) What is the function of tubular secretion? (1 mark)
Secretion of waste products and excess ions to allow these substances to be
removed from the blood and excreted in the urine
H+ secretion helps to adjust blood pH
17) Patients with high blood pressure are sometime given ACE inhibitors, why?
(1 mark)
Stop angiotensin I being converted to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II
18) What is the role of ADH? (1 mark)
Increase water reabsorption by increasing the permeability of the distal
convoluted tubules
19) Name 4 substances that are normal constituents of urine (4 marks)
Water
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Ammonia
Na, K, Cl, P, S, Oxalates
20) Suggest 5 general signs or symptoms that might indicate urinary system
pathology
(5 marks)
Frequent and painful urinating with
the urge to go
High urine volume and great thirst
Low or no urine volume
Red urine (blood or beetroot?)
Pain in the kidney area
Oedema
Headaches
Exhaustion
Nausea, vomiting
Pale
Puffy face
Bags under the eyes
Vertical wrinkles and prominent
arteries on temples (renal pressure)
Swollen hands and feet
Swellings are worse at night (protein
loss)
21) Give the meaning of the following terms (3 marks)
a) Dysuria
b) Oliguria
c) Bacteriuria
a) Pain on urination
b) Little urine
c) Bacteria in urine
22) Name 3 symptoms that may indicate a patient has cystitis (3 marks)
Dysuria, frequent urge to urinate day and night, cloudy and smelly urine,
suprapubic pain, haematuria
23) Why are UTIs more common in women? (1 mark)
Shorter urethra
24) What is the most common cause of chronic cystitis? (1 mark)
Enlarged prostate obstructing urine flow
25) What causes glomerulonephritis? (1 mark)
Antigen–antibody complexes deposit in the glomeruli and cause a damaging
immune reaction which leads to leaky capillaries and cell proliferation which can
interfere with filtration process
26) What is a consequence of glomerular sclerosis? (1 mark)
High blood pressure
27) Explain why nephrotic syndrome leads to oedema (1 mark)
The glomeruli become too leaky and protein seeps through (albuminuria)
Low plasma osmotic pressure leads to oedema
28) Why do diabetics often get kidney problems? (1 mark)
Damage to large and small blood vessels in the body with diabetes
Progressive glomerulosclerosis
Atheroma of the renal arteries
29) What is pyelonephritis? (1 mark)
Acute microbial infection of the renal pelvis and kidney medulla
Renal pelvis and calyces fill with purulent exudate
The medulla is inflamed and abscesses and necrosis may be present
30) Name an early symptom in a urine dipstick test that might lead you to believe
someone has kidney stones (1 mark)
Microscopic blood in urine
31) Name a complication of diuretic drugs (1 mark)
Loss of electrolytes!
Can lead to muscle weakness and palpitations caused by excessive loss of K
and Mg
32) Describe peritoneal dialysis (2 marks)
Peritoneal cavity is filled with dialysis fluid
Waste products from the blood can filter into the fluid and be removed via a shunt