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SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ETHNOBOTANICAL PLANTS ON TRIBALS OF SATPUDA RANGES, OF NANDURBAR DISTRICT OF MAHARASHTRA, INDIA M. B. PATIL AND S. V. DEORE Department of Botany, Jijamata Education Society's, Arts, Science and Commerce College, Nandurbar-425412, Maharashtra, India. Email: [email protected] ; [email protected] ABSTRACT :The tribals residing in the forest areas of Satpuda hills depend on plant wealth for their livelihood. They only use plants and different plant parts available in their surroundings in order to fulfill their requirements like food and fuel. Various products like gum, fiber, resins, dyes etc. are collected and then sold in the market to gel economic support. For preparing huts, agricultural implements, toys, domestic articles etc. plant parts are used by tribal. They also earn money by selling handicrafts and other items prepared by them from various plants and hence they promote the economic activities through Cottage Industry based on plants. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENUMARATION: E t h n o b o t a n y deals with these type of different socio-economic applications. The real study lies in finding out the usages of plants and its different parts for beterment of life to achieve the socio-economic development in this current era. The total information are arranged in alphabetical order manner, botanical name, family name, local name, voucher specimen number, uses of plants and its parts. 1. Abrus precatorius L. (Fabaceae), Gunj, Gunj, Tingali, Ratti, Bhingali. [MBP-27]. Seed powder is inserted in the uterus, as aabortion. Leaf decoction is orally given, to cure cough, cold and colic complaints. Leaf paste is externally applied, in painful swellings. Leaves are chewed as a remedy, for throat infection. Seed poultice is externally applied, to cure boils. Powder of 2-3 seeds is given orally once as an abortifacient. Seed paste is mixed with water and is externally applied, to kill lice. Leaf juice is externally rubbed, to cure leucodermic spots, for a month has been found to be helpful. A cup of leaf infusion is orally taken, two times daily, for three days, to cure gonorrhoea. Seed paste is given orally once, for retention of placenta in cattles. Seed powder is externally applied, to cure maggoted wounds of domestic animals. Leaf paste is externally applied on neck of oxen, to heal up the wound caused due to ploughing. Seed are poisonous when orally taken in overdose. 2. Acacia chundra (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Willd. (Mimosaceae), Khair, Lal Khair, Esan, [MBP-31]. Bark powder is externally applied, to cure wound and in skin diseases. Half cup of bark decoction is orally taken, twice a day, to cure menorrhoea. Bark decoction is orally given, one cup thrice a day, for three days, to cure painful menstruation. Bark juice or infusion is mixed with Asafoetida (Hing) and is orally taken, to cure cough and cold. Bark powder is given with milk to women, to promote milk secretion. Bark powder is orally taken with water, to cure elephantiasis. Crushed wood with bark paste is tied on fractured portion of bones, to cure bone fracture. Bark powder is sprinkled on healing wounds at morning and evening till cured. Bark paste is mixed with cow milk and is orally given, to pregnant lady, for easy delivery. Bark paste is externally applied, in the gaps of hooves of the cattle, to cure foot and mouth diseases. The dried branches are used for field and house fencing.The tender twigs used as tooth brush and cleaning the tongue. The wood is used as fuel and also in making agricultural implements. 3. Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. (Mimosaceae), Babul, Vedibabul, Babhul, [MBP-28]. INTRODUCTION: In this paper the socio-economic impact of 20 plant species used by tribal people on large scale for betterment of their life and to fulfill their day-to-day requirements is discussed. The data collected directly from the tribal informants during ethno-botanical field trips in the region is presented here. Keywords: Socio-economic impact, Ethno-botanical plants, Satpuda ranges, Maharashtra, India. Many plant species play an important role in socio-economic upliftment of the tribal peoples residing in hilly, forest areas. The forest provide fuel, food, fibres, toothbrush, hunting materials, gum, dyes, resins, medicines, fodder, etc. to the tribal. The plants provide necessary raw materials for cottage industries and ethnomedicines to, hence provide sustainable economic support to the tribals. MATERIALS AND METHODS : The study was performed during 2010-2012 covering 50 villages from the Sarpuda ranges forest area under the Akkalkuwa , Dhadgaon, Shahada and Taloda Tahasils of Nandurabr district. The information was collected during field trips on basis of interviews with the tribal informants. More tha 200 plants species were recorded to be useful to the tribal peoples for their different requirements, out of only 20 species are discussed here. The collected plant specimens were identified by using Botany and Flora of Maharashtra, General State Series, Bombay- Part-IV [1] and Flora of Dhule and Nandurbar district [2]. All the collections are housed in the Department of Batany, of the J. E. S.'s, Arts, Science and Commerce College College, Nandurbar-425412, Maharashtra. Nandurbar District, a part of the Deccan plateau is situated in the northern part of the Maharashtra state, with an area of 4933 Km.2 between 21°N to 21.32° N latitudes and 73.34° E to 74.31° E longitudes, it lies in the valley of Tapi and Satpuda mountains. Satpuda ranges of Nandurbar district of Mahsrashtra is the home of tribals. Nabdurbar district is one tribal district of Maharashtra state. The Bhil, Gamit, Gavit, Kokani, Mavachi, Pasvi, Pawara, Tadavi, Valvi and Vasave are the various ethnic group have their own dialect viz Pavari, Mavchi, Bhili, Kokani etc. The tribal population is about 661,000 making 62.18% of the total population (1991). 307 BIONANO FRONTIER ISSN 0974-0678 ECO REVOLUTION 2012 COLOMBO - SRILANKA Seed powder with honey is externally applied, for bone fracture. Gum is mixed with Methi seeds, Ghee and Sugar and make ladu. Ladu is given, to women for the best post pregnancy remedy, for regain the strength. Burnt leaves and coconut oil mixed together and externally applied, to cure skin diseases. Seed powder mixed with cow-milk and sugar, the mixture is orally taken with milk, to increase sexual potentiality. Paste of pods is mixed with warm groundnut oil and paste is externally applied between the gaps of hooves of cattle, to cure foot and mouth disease. Seed powder mixed with honey and externally applied, to cure bone fractures. Bark powder is sprinkled on maggoted wounds and ulcers of cattle. The tender twigs used as tooth brush and cleaning the tongue. The wood is used as fuel and also in making agricultural implements. The dried branches are used for field and house fencing. 4. Achyranthus aspera L. (Amaranthaceae), Aghada, Chichwaada, Sonaru. [MBP-97].Leaf powder is orally given with honey, to cure chronic cough, bronchitis and asthma. Leaf paste is externally applied, to cure skin diseases, leprosy and piles. A pinch powder of roasted seeds is mixed with water or breast milk and orally given thrice a day, for three days against cough in infants. Whole plant infusion is orally given, against snakebite. Root ash is orally given to children in cough. Paste of roots is externally applied on the abdomen of pregnant women, for easy delivery. Paste of inflorescence is externally applied, against insect bite. Infusion of roots is externally applied, to cure skin diseases. Decoction of the whole plant is given orally, to check bleeding from piles and also as a diurtic, laxative and stomachic. Seed powder is orally given with water, to cure bleeding piles. Infusion of roots is given orally, for removing stones from kidney. Root powder mixed with soonth and the mixture is orally given with honey for three days for leucorrhoea. 5. Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. (Rutaceae), Bel, Bili, Beal. [MBP-08].Decoction of fruits is orally taken, to cure of intermittent fever, diabetes and intestinal worms. Leaf juice is put into ear at morning, to cure earache. Leaf paste is externally applied, to cure boils. Root infusion is orally taken, to cure piles. Pulp of semi ripe fruits is orally given, to cure diarrhoea. Fruit pulp is used as a remedy in chronic dysentery and habitual constipation. Powder of rind of the fruits is orally given, to cure acute dysentery. Decoction of the unripe fruit with ginger juice is orally given, to cure piles. Two cups of leaf paste is orally given, twice a day, against poisonous insect bite and venom bite. Fruit ash mixed with water and the paste is externally applied on forehead, to cure headache. Bark of the stem burnt with sissoo stem and the animal is stand to inhale the smoke, to cure hemorrhagic septicemia. Pulp of fruits is externally applied, to cure wounds of foot mouth disease. The tender twigs used as tooth brush and cleaning the tongue. 6. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. (Simaroubaceae), Varul, Maha/Ghodnimb, Maharukh. [MBP-09]. Stem bark and leaves paste is externally applied, to cure skin diseases. Infusion of roots is orally given as a diuretic. Three teaspoon bark powder is mixed with one teaspoon sugar in a cup of water and mixture is orally given per dose for seven days, to cure jaundice. Decoction of bark and leaves mixed with ginger juice is orally given, to cure chronic bronchitis, asthma and fembrifuge. Decoction of bark mixed with ginger juice is orally given after childbirth, for debility. Decoction of leaves and bark is orally given as a tonic. Infusion of bark is orally given, to cure dyspepsia. Decoction of bark is expectorant. Decoction of bark is orally given, to cure dysentery. Crushed roots mixed with buttermilk is applied externally, to cure scabies. Stem bark extract is administered through nose against scorpion sting and snakebite. Stem bark powder is orally given against scorpion sting. Leaf juice is externally applied, to cure skin eruptions. One liter of leaves extract is fed to cattle, to expel worms. Juice of leaves put into water and the mixture externally applied, to the animal body at morning, to kill lice. Decoction of leaves is fed to the animal, to cure tympany. The wood is used as fuel and also in making agricultural implements. 7. Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae), Sitaphal. [MBP-02].Root paste is thickly applied on the abscess, for two nights for ripening the abscess. Leaf poultice is externally applied, to cure boils, inflammation and ulcers. Ripe fruits are eaten as a tonic to enrich blood, increase muscular strength and expectorant. Seed powder is given orally as an abortifacient. Seed paste is applied externally in hair to remove lice. To take live coal on a tile and place bite of the immature fruits on them. The smoke is made to pass around the animals mouth, for cattle not eating. Leaves are fed for destroying worms in domestic animals. Leaf paste is externally applied, to cure wounds. Leaf paste is applied externally, for destroying lice in domestic animal. Paste of leaves and young fruits are externally applied, on the body of domestic animal, to kill insects. Seeds, leaves, and rrots are used as a insecticide. 8. Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. Perr. (Combretaceae), Dhawada, Davdo, Dhamdo, Toda. [MBP29].Gum is used as a nutritive and tonic. The latex from bark is edible, sweet to taste. Bark infusion is orally given, againsts nakebite. Bark decoction is orally given, to cure liver complaints. Leaf juice is orally given, to cure purulent discharges from ear. Bark powder is orally taken to cure diarrhoea and cough. Fresh bark is crushed with water to prepare a paste and applied externally on sores. Bark powder is used as a adulterent with tea or alternative of it. The wood is used as fuel and also in making agricultural implements. 9. Aristolochia bracteolata L. (Aristolochiaceae), Kidamari, Gandhati, Gidhadpala. [MBP-177]. Leaf paste is externally applied, to cure scabies, insect bite eczema, and rheumatic pain. Root infusion is orally given, to cure stomachache. Root paste is orally given with water as a antidote to insect and snake bite. Leaf juice is dropped in ear, to cure earache. Leaf juice is externally applied, to leucodermic patches. A pinch of roots kept in a cup of water for 15 min., half cup extract is taken twice a day, with a gap of 15 min against snakebite. Whole plant is used as a anthelmintic. Leaf juice is orally given with milk, to cure syphilis and gonorrhoea. Paste of leaves is externally applied, to cure maggoted wounds in domestic animals. Leaf juice is dropped in ear, to cure earache. Decoction of roots is orally given, to expel roundworms. Leaves are highly purgative, causes diarrhoea. 10. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae), Neem, Nimb, Nimada, Kadu-nim. [MBP-10].Gum exuding from bark is used as a stimulant and demulcent tonic. Small twigs are used as a toothbrush (Datun), to cure toothache. Bark decoction is used as a tonic and cooling agent. Fresh leaves are chew against snakebite. Tender leaves are eaten for blood purification. One cup of leaf juice is mixed with half glass of 308 BIONANO FRONTIER ISSN 0974-0678 ECO REVOLUTION 2012 COLOMBO - SRILANKA butter milk and orally taken, to cure chickenpox and jaundice. Flower extract is orally given orally, to cure malarial fever. Fruit paste is externally applied, to kill lice and ticks. Seed oil is used for massages as a antifertility agent. Half cup of bark infusion is orally given at morning and evening for two days, to cure abdominal pain, jaundice, headache and impure blood. Fresh inner white bark is bandaged on eyes, to cure sore eyes. One cup of bark infusion is orally taken in the morning and evening, till cured irregular menstruation. Leaf decoction is used as an antiseptic and healing lotion. Leaf paste is used as stimulant. Bark is dried, burnt and the ashes mixed with coconut oil to form a paste, it is externally applied in the morning and evening, to cure scabies. Seeds are crushed with coconut oil and the paste is externally applied for killing head lice. Flowers are used as stimulant, tonic and stomachic. Leaf paste and seed oil is externally applied, to cure various skin diseases. Infusion of bark and tender leaves is externally applied, to cure various skin diseases. Leaf paste is externally applied, to cure plies. Take heap bath for 20 minutes with warm water in which leaves, turmeric and little salt have been boiled, to cure piles. Fruit paste is externally applied on the body of domestic animal for killing lice. Seed oil is used in various skin diseases in cattles. Dried leaves are mixed with grains as a long term preservative. Leaf extract is sprayed on crops, to prevent from fungal diseases. Seed oil is also used as an insecticide. The tender twigs used as tooth brush and cleaning the tongue. The wood is used as fuel and also in making agricultural implements. 11. Bambusa aurandiana (Retz.) Roxb. (Poaceae), Bamboo, Tavashiri, Vansha. [MBP-111]. Seed decoction is orally given as a diuretic, stomachic and to expel intestine warms. Seed paste is externally applied, to cure maggoted wounds. Seed infusion is orally given, to cure piles and menstrual disorders. Leaves are fed to animal, to induce heat. Culms are used in makikg Basari, musical instrument. Mature culms are used in construction of huts and agricultural implements. The node is used in preparation of arrow to killbirda.Young shoots are used as a vegetables. Mature culms are also used in making topli (basket), Supsde (winnowing basket), Dglo (for drying corn cobs), hunting weapons such as arrow and bow, handles of verious instruments etc. 12. Boswelia serrata Roxb. ex Coleb. (Burseraceae), Salai, Dhupali, Goradu, Sal.[MBP-193]. Paste of gum is externally applied, to cure rheumatism, skin diseases and urinary disorders. Infusion of gum is orally given, to cure chronic lung diseases, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea and piles. A paste made up of the gum resin with coconut oil/lemon juice is externally applied, to cure syphilitic ulcers, boils, sore nipples, and ring worms. Poultice of leaves is externally appied, against scorpion sting. 13. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (Fabaceae), Palas, Dhak, Flame of forest. [MBP- 32].Two teaspoon of gum are put in a cup of water and boiled. After cooling the sticky paste is externally applied, every morning and evening, until cures forancle. Fresh bark paste is externally tied on the fractured bones, after setting the fractured bones, change the paste on every 7th days. One teaspoon gum is put in to a cup of water allow to dissolve and then taken. Once daily for 3-4 days, to cure low backache. Dry flowers are put into water up to water gets coloured and the coloured water is used for both, to cure fever. Seed powder is externally applied, to cure skin diseases. Seed powder is taken orally, to expel intestinal worms. Seeds are burnt till black ash and the ash is mixed with honey and taken orally at bedtime for three days, to cure whooping cough. Seed paste is externally applied, to cure leucoderma. Gum infusion is externally applied, to cure ringworms. Decoction of leaves is taken orally, to cure inflammation, as a tonic and aphrodisiac. Seed powder orally given, to expel worms. Half litre of leaves decoction is fed to cattle to cure, dysentery. Half litre of leaves decoction is fed to animal, to expel worms from maggoted wounds. Seed powder is used to kill larvae of insect in ulcers. If seeds taken orally in overdose, cause pains in abdomen, vomiting and giddiness. Root paste is also externally applied, agaist scorpion sting. The fowers ars used as ornamental purpose. The roots are made into fibres. Leaves are sread oved soil to prevent the growth of the weeds and as a manure. The leaves are used in making food plates. The seeds are collected and sold in local market. 14. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. (Caesalpiniaceae), Kachakada, Sagar-goti. [ MBP-52]. Seed powder taken orally with water, to cure indigestion. Decoction of dried seeds is given orally, to cure malarial fever. Infusion of stem bark, roots and leaves is orally given, to cure fever and as a tonic. Seed paste is externally applied, to cure leucoderma. Tender leaves are chewed in disorders of the liver. The leaves are smeared with caster or sesamum oil, warmed over fire and then applied externally as a thick dressing over the piles to relieve pain and itching. Seed is rubbed on stone and the paste is externally applied on the site of scorpion sting. Roasted seeds and its powder are employed in fever, colic, diabetes, asthma, piles and tuberculosis. Paste of immature seeds is externally applied, to cure eye disease in cattle. Five teaspoonful seed powder is fed, to cure fever in animals. The plants plantes for field and house fencing. 15. Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. (Ebenaceae), Tembru, Tumburni, Tendupatta, Tembrya, Temru, Tendu. [MBP-56]. Bark decoction is orally taken, to cure diarrhoea. Flowers powder is orally taken with water, to cure heart and urinary diseases. The leaves are used in bidi making. Unripe fruits are eaten to cure diarrhoea. Seed kernels are eaten to cure dysentery. Roasted seeds are taken in cough, asthma and urinary complains. The wood is used as fuel and also in making agricultural implements. Tribals collect the leaves and used to make bidies.and bidies are sold in market for income. 16. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Mant. (Asteraceae), Bhringraj, Maka, Thinkiful. [MBP-112].Half cup of leaf decoction is orally taken in the morning, to cure asthma. A cup of whole plant juice is orally given with 2-3 black paper powder, daily morning, for a week, to cure jaundice. Half-cup leaf juice is orally given in the morning and evening, to cure swelling of the liver until cured. Half cup of whole plant juice is taken, in the morning and evening, to cure gonorrhoea. Leaf juice is added in coconut oil 1:1 and mixture is boiled till the oil is purified. This oil is massaged into the scalp daily, to cure losing hair. Leaf juice is externally applied, every night, to cure sogginess between toes. Extract of leaves is orally given with water, to cure diarrhoea. Whole plant paste is externally applied, to cxure swelling. Fresh plant paste is externally applied, to cure skin diseases. Leaf paste is externally applied over piles. Root paste is externally applied, cure ulcer and wounds in cattle. 17. Jatropha currcas L. (Euphorbiaceae), Mogali-errand, 309 BIONANO FRONTIER ISSN 0974-0678 ECO REVOLUTION 2012 COLOMBO - SRILANKA Ratandya. [MBP-107].Whole plant juice is efficacious on ring warms and snakebites. Latex of the leaves used as antiseptic. Twig juice is externally applied. to sores throat. Seeds are used as purgative. Latex is used on scabies and other various skin diseases. Make one-cup juice of tender leaves of the plant. Add plenty of sugar and give it on empty stomach early morning for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9th days according to the severity of the jaundice. 100ml seed oil or seed powder mixed with water and fed to animal, to cure constipation. Seeds cake is used, to kill fishes. Seeds taken orally, cause diarrhoea. It is used as purgative. 18. Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Macbr. var. latifolia (Roxb.) Chevalier. (Sapotaceae), Mahu, Moh, Moghada. [MBP167].Leaf ashes made into paste and is externally applied in burns. Flower paste is given with milk as a expectorant, nutritive and demulcent. Seed oil is used, to cure skin diseases, chronic rheumatism and headache. One teaspoon seed oil is orally givenin the morning on empty stomach, to cure piles and habitual constipation. Half cup bark decoction is orally given in the morning on empty stomach to control diabetes. Seed oil is externally applied in skin diseases. Stembark is crushed, warmed and applied on joint pains in morning and evening till cured. Oil cake is used to stupefy fish. Seed cake is burnt to repel insects. Wood is used in making musical instruments. Dried petals are used in preparation of local alcoholic drinks locally known as rashi, sold in local market by tribals. Tribals collect the fowers and sold in market for income source. 19. Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), Amba,Aam, Mango, Ambada. [MBP-17].Half-cup decoction of inner bark is taken in the morning and evening, to cure mucus in stools. Bark infusion is orally taken, to cure leucorrhoea and bleeding piles. The gum paste is applied on cracked feet. One teaspoon leaf juice is mixed with half teaspoon of honey and is orally taken, to cure vomiting. Flowers decoction is orally taken, to cure dysentery. Unripe fruit juice is externally applied, in skin irruption. Rind of the fruit is eaten as a tonic and astringent. Ripe fruits are eaten as a laxative. Juice of the kernel is snuffed, to stop nasal bleeding. Resinous gum paste is used, to cure scabies. Bark paste is externally applied, on joint pains in morning and evening till cured. Resinous gum is applied on the site of scorpion sting. The immature fruit pulp is sold in market for pikle (amtur). 20. Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae), Tambaku, Tamaku. [MBP-241].Dried leaves are chewed as a tambaku. Leaf paste is used to cure eczema. Dried leaves powder mixed with water and the paste is externally applied over the head to kill lice. Leaf infusion is orally given against snake bite. Powder of dried leaves is mixed with water and paste is rubbed on the body of cattle as an insect repellant. Leaf decoction is used for giving bath and rubbing on the body of cattle having external parasite on skin. Leaves are used as a fish poison. Leaves extract is used as insecticide on cultivated crops. Tribals collect the leaves and sold in market for income source. REFERENCES : 1. Mahabale T. S. 1987: Botany and Flora of Maharashtra, General State Series, Bombay- Part-IV. Maharashtra State Gazetteers, gazetteer Department, Govt. of Maharashtra, Bombay (Ed. K. K. Chaudhari). 2. Patil, D. A. 2003: 'Flora of Dhule and Nandurbar Districts'. Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh, Dehra Dun. 3.Patil, M. B. , C. R. Deore and P.V. Ramaiah, 2004. Studies on certain less known wild food plants in tribal areas of Nandurbar Tahsil of Nandurbar district', Paper presented at National conference on 'Human Health and Nutrition: A Biotechnological Approach' at B. N, Bandodkar College of Science, Thane and published in Proceeding. pp.112-115. 4.Patil, M. B. and P.V. Ramaiah, 2005. Traditional phytotherapy used for treating piles (Hemorrhoids) by tribes of Nandurbar district of Maharashtra. Bioinfolet. 2 (2): 219-220, 2005. TABLE-A The table-A shows that out of 20 species, Beutea monopesrma has maximum 15 applications, Acacia nilotica has 12 applications, Boswellia serrata has 10 applications, Acacia nilotica has 9 applications, Madhuka longifolia and Anogeisus latifolia has 8 applications each. Where as Diospyros melanoxylon have 5 applications each. Five plants to have four apllcations each whereas two plants have only three applications each. 1. The socio-economic impact of the plants in the life of tribal can wel be understood by means of their uses.In all 101 applications have been recorded for 20 plants. The application are classified in four major groups. The detailed classification of uses plants along with number of applications are given in table-B TABLE-A CONCLUSION : From the above inumeration, it is observed that a single plant may be useful to tribal for manydifferent purposes. The distribution of plants according to their applications is given in tableA. 310 BIONANO FRONTIER ISSN 0974-0678 ECO REVOLUTION 2012 COLOMBO - SRILANKA