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Download Key LSA 7 Grammar Seminar 2015 2
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Uppsala University Department of English A1/T1/HS1 Grammar Autumn/Fall Term 2015 Language Structure Assignment 7: Key to Seminar Grammar Tasks Task 1 a. Adjectives are in bold face and adverbs underlined. 1) i) sudden (attributive; describes the noun noise). ii) scuffling (attributive; describes the noun noise). 2) i) quite (describes the adjective right). ii) right (predicative; describes the pronoun you). 3) i) very (describes the adjective small). ii) small (attributive; describes the noun animal). iii) Useful (predicative; describes the pronoun you). 4) i) -n’t (describes the whole clause You need (to) shout so loud; many grammars classify not as an adverb, though sometimes it is instead considered a word class of its own). ii) so (describes the adverb loud). iii) loud (describes the verb shout). iv) quite (describes the adverb well). v) well (describes the verb heard). b. 5) 6) 7) Adjectives are used after as in structures like as … as possible and as usual. (The reason is that these structures can be expanded to structures where the adjective functions as a predicative adjective after a form of be: … as soon as it is possible for you to come; … as it is usual for us to do.) When used in these senses, look and smell are linking verbs in English; they thus take subject predicatives, which can be adjective phrases but not adverb phrases. In these senses, the verbs smell and taste can be problematic for Swedish learners, since the verbs lukta and smaka are not linking verbs in the corresponding Swedish structures. (Note that these verbs can also be used in other structures, e.g. I was smelling the soup, where smell is a transitive verb that takes the direct object the soup.) An adjective that occurs inside a noun phrase and modifies the head of the noun phrase is typically a premodifier, i.e. it precedes the head. However, heads that are compound pronouns in some-, any-, every-, and no- are an exception: a modifying adjective instead follows such heads. 1 Uppsala University Department of English A1/T1/HS1 Grammar Autumn/Fall Term 2015 Task 2 a. The important criteria are related to what adjectives and adverbs describe. Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns. In contrast, adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or whole clauses. The form of a word (with or without -ly) is not a safe criterion to go by in all cases, since there are adjectives that end in -ly and adverbs that do not. 1) i) Fast is an adverb because it describes a verb (ran). ii) More is an adverb because it describes another adverb (quickly). iii) Quickly is an adverb because it describes a verb (ran).1 2) i) Wrongly is an adverb because it describes a verb (concluded). ii) Wrong is an adverb because it describes a verb (answered). iii) Completely is an adverb because it describes another adverb (correctly). iv) Correctly is an adverb because it describes a verb (answered). 3) i) Very is an adverb because it describes an adjective (lively). ii) Lively is an adjective because it describes a noun (impression). iii) Generally is an adverb because it describes a clause (She … was very friendly). iv) Very is an adverb because it describes an adjective (friendly). v) Friendly is an adjective because it describes a pronoun (she). 4) i) Alone is an adjective because it describes a pronoun (She). ii) Lonely is an adjective because it describes a pronoun (She). 5) i) Real is an adverb because it describes an adjective (good).2 ii) Good is an adjective because it describes a pronoun (This).3 The adjectives and adverbs are listed in order of appearance in this key. When analysing a phrase like more quickly, however, one would first need to determine that quickly is an adverb because it describes a verb, and then use that information to deduce that more is also an adverb, because it describes another adverb. 2 Note that using real as an adverb in this fashion is characteristic of informal speech. In Standard English speech and writing, the form really is required for the adverb, while real is the adjective form. 3 Note that, in Swedish, the corresponding word gott would be an adverb describing the verb luktar in Det här luktar riktigt gott. This is because smell and taste are linking verbs in English in clauses such as This smells real good, while lukta and smaka are intransitive verbs in the equivalent Swedish clauses. 1 2 Uppsala University Department of English A1/T1/HS1 Grammar Autumn/Fall Term 2015 b. 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) awful/awfully i) awfully (adverb – describes the adverb well) ii) awful (predicative adjective – subject predicative, describes the noun dress) iii) awfully (adverb – describes the adjective small) beautiful/beautifully i) beautiful (attributive adjective – describes the noun baby) ii) beautifully (adverb – describes the verb played) iii) beautiful (attributive adjective – describes the noun colour) OR beautifully (adverb – describes the adjective red); cf. Swedish en vacker röd färg vs. en vackert röd färg iv) beautiful (predicative adverb – subject predicative, describes the noun place) usual/usually i) usual (attributive adjective – describes the noun way) ii) usually (adverb – describes the clause She’s very slow) high/highly i) The tree was very high (predicative adjective – describes the noun tree), but he climbed as high (adverb without -ly – describes the verb climbed) up as he could. ii) highly (adverb – describes the participle surprised, which can be analysed either as a participial adjective or as the main verb in a passive verb phrase was surprised) hard/hardly i) hard (adverb without -ly – describes the verb hit) ii) hardly (adverb – describes the adjective responsible) friendly/? i) friendly (attributive adjective – describes the noun manner) ii) in a friendly /way/manner/ (friendly is an attributive adjective – describes the noun way or manner; there is no readily available adverb based on the adjective friendly, so a paraphrase is required) loud/loudly i) loud (attributive adjective – describes the noun voice). ii) loudly (adverb – describes the verb complained) wrong/wrongly i) wrong (attributive adjective – describes the noun answer) ii) wrong (adverb without -ly – describes the verb answered). direct/directly i) direct (adverb without -ly – describes the verb fly) ii) direct (attributive adjective – describes the noun flight) iii) directly (adverb – describes the verb looked) 3 Uppsala University Department of English A1/T1/HS1 Grammar Autumn/Fall Term 2015 Task 3 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) basically (adjectives in -ic usually form adverbs in -ically) absolutely (regular) wholly (the final -e of adjectives in -le is dropped before -ly is added) publicly (an exception to the -ic > -ically rule) heartily (a final -y after a consonant in a polysyllabic adjective becomes -i when -ly is added to form an adverb) truly (the final -e in true is dropped when -ly is added to form an adverb) curiously (regular) economically (see basically above; note that both the adjective economic and the adjective economical thus correspond to the adverb economically) Task 4 1) 2) Not until the tournament was over would he realize that his racket was broken. An initial adverbial that negates or restricts the content of the clause, e.g. not until … was over, causes inversion in English: 1 auxiliary (would) + subject (he) + rest of verb phrase (realize). The beef tastes wonderful, but the potatoes are undercooked. When the verbs smell and taste occur in descriptions of smells and tastes, they function as linking verbs in English and are followed by adjectives, not by adverbs. Task 5 See section references to UGE for comments. 1) Bergman’s films often have very interesting themes. UGE 7.2.3, 7.6.2 2) /Yet/Nevertheless,/ they were much more boring than I had expected. UGE 7.5, 7.2.3, 6.2.1 Task 6 See section references to UGE for explanations when there is no explanation immediately after the translation. 1) Tom never really liked French at school. UGE 6.6, 7.6.2 2) He very seldom did his French homework. UGE 4.3.1, 7.2.3, 6.6, and 7.6.2 3) /Later in life, when/When, later in life,/ he had to use French in his job, he soon understood that it would never work. UGE 6.6, 7.6.2–7.6.3 4) He /hoped/was hoping/ that he would never have to go to France again. UGE 7.6.2 5) When/, in August last summer,/ my boss turned fifty/ in August last summer/, he threw a big party. UGE 7.6.3 6) /The funny thing/What is funny/ is that politicians ignore the problem. UGE 4.6.3.1, 6.4.3.2 4 Uppsala University Department of English 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) A1/T1/HS1 Grammar Autumn/Fall Term 2015 This is a school for /the blind/blind people/. Swedish blinda has generic reference to a group of people. The adjective can thus remain the head of the noun phrase in English, but the definite article is required before it even though the blind has generic reference. An alternative would be to insert a head noun (e.g. people), but then the definite article must not be used, as people becomes a plural noun used in a generic sense. The old man was interested in the subconscious. Swedish den gamle has specific reference to one concrete individual, so the adjective cannot be the head of its noun phrase in English. The easiest solution in (8) is to insert a head noun (e.g. man, since gamle indicates that the noun phrase refers to a male individual). Swedish det undermedvetna has generic reference to an abstract notion in the singular. In such circumstances, the adjective can be the head of the noun phrase in English as well. /What is tragic/The tragic thing/ is that the conditions of the poor have not improved. Swedish det tragiska has specific reference to an abstract notion in the singular, so the adjective tragic cannot be the head of its noun phrase in English. Either insert a head noun (e.g. thing) or turn the construction into a what-clause. (A third option would be to turn the adjective into a noun – The tragedy is that … – but that may change the meaning of the sentence somewhat.) Swedish de fattiga has generic reference to a group of people, so the adjective can remain the head of its noun phrase in English. However, in English, adjectives that are heads of noun phrases cannot take the genitive, so the Swedish genitive construction (de fattigas villkor) must be turned into an English of construction (the conditions of the poor). The last two weeks have been tough. UGE 6.3.3 The first few years were the happiest /in/of/ my life. UGE 6.3.3 Remember not to laugh until she has stopped talking. UGE 7.6.4 and 5.7.4 Not until I had bought the shoes did I remember that I needed socks /too/as well/. UGE 7.6.1.1 5