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CIVILIZATION (part 1)
1. What is Civilization?
2. How the city of UR exemplifies early
civilization?
Geography
Historians believed that one of
the first civilizations arose in
Sumer, a region that is now part
of modern Iraq.
Geography
• Sumer was located in Mesopotamia in a
region called Fertile Crescent.
• Mesopotamia means- “land between the
rivers”- Tigris and Euphrates. As the revers
flooded at least once a year, it left mud called
silt.
• Silt: thick bed of mud, rich in minerals. In this
rich, new soil farmers could plant enormous
quantity of crops. The surpluses from their
harvest allowed villages to grow.
What is Civilization?
The most advanced stage of human social
development and organization. Most scholars
define civilization as a complex culture with the
fallowing five characteristics:
1. Advanced cities
2. Specialized workers
3. Complex institutions
4. Record keeping
5. Advanced technology
1. Advanced cities
Q.-Why were cities essential to the growth of
civilization?
A.- Cities were the center of trade, worship,
and government and offered a broad range of
jobs in which people could specialize.
Sumer 3200 B.C.
2. Specialized workers
-Specialize occupations were made possible by a
surplus food supply.
Artisans were skilled workers who make goods
by hands. The wide range of crafts that artisans
produced helped cities become centers of trade.
This was possible only because of an abundant
food supply.
3. Complex Institutions:
- Complex Institutions: such as government,
religion and the economy, are another
characteristic of civilization. The temple became
the center of both government and religion.
- With the growth of cities, religion became a
formal institution.
- Most cities had temples where dozens of
priests took charge of religious duties.
Ziggurat
.
The Ziggurat of Ur
Around 2100 B.C. king Ur-Nammu built a
ziggurat in honor of the god Sin in the city
of Ur.
The Ziggurat of Ur.
• Ur was last capital of Sumarian civilization.
Over 4000 years ago, Abraham's people lived here.
• The Great Ziggurat was built as a place of worship,
dedicated to the moon god Nanna (or Sin), in the
Sumerian city of Ur in ancient Mesopotamia.
• The temple which resembles a huge stepped
platform was constructed approximately in the 21st
century BC by king Ur-Nammu.
• Today, after more than 4000 years, the ziggurat is
still well preserved in large parts as the only major
remainder of Ur in present-day southern Iraq.
Ziggurat
• The Sumerians worshiped many gods.
• Sumerians believed that every city belonged to a
god who lived in the temple and governed the
city’s activities.
• The Mesopotamians believed that these pyramid
temples connected heaven and earth.
• In fact, the ziggurat at Babylon was known as
Etemenankia or "House of the Platform between
Heaven and Earth".
• Ur also was a birthplace of the biblical patriarch
Abraham, who laid foundations for the first
monotheistic religion, Judaism.
4.
Record Keeping
- CUNEIFORM
CUNEIFORM
Cuneiform tablets-records
of business transections,
historical events, customs,
and traditions.
Early writing took the form of
pictographs- pictures
expressing words. A picture
of a star stood for the word
star.
However the system was
limited.
Eventually , scribes invented
a system in which signs stood
for sounds.
Despite this progress, writing
took many years to master.
Only professional scribes
learned the whole system.
5. Advanced technology
- makes life easier and work more efficient.
-By around 3000 B.C. –Sumerians were using the
wheel, the plow and sailboat. They had bronze
weapons that gave them advantage over their
enemies.
Q.-How did Ur’s agricultural way of life
foster the development of civilization
there?
A. – Food surplus freed Ur residents to
developed specialized skills other than
farming. They sparked a need for advanced
technology such as irrigational systems,
allowed Ur’s economy to flourish and
provide a wide range of goods and trade.
Making inferences
Q.- In what way does the ziggurat of Ur reveal
that Sumerians had developed an advanced
civilization?
A.- Builders and engineers in Ur had an
advanced technology to design a complex
building; religion played an important role in
the people’s lives; Ur was an advanced city.
More Questions: see p.22
18.- What economic changes resulted from food
surpluses in agricultural villages?
*****
19.- Why did the growth of civilization
make government necessary?
*****
20.- Why did a system of record keeping develop
in civilization?
Let's Review:
There are certain things that we need
in order to have a civilization. They are:
1. Communities, towns, or cities;2. Different jobs to provide goods and services for
the people;
3. Written language so people can learn ;
4. Government and laws to protect the people;
5. Advanced technology.
Definitions:
• community: a place where people live and work
together, often made up of many neighborhoods.
• civilization: a group of people living in a certain
area who have improved their way of life over
time. Basically a civilization is a higher form of
human society.
• society: a group of people who depend on each
other, and work together towards common goals.
• culture is a group of people with shared language,
values, attitudes, etc. Culture can be part of a
society, or can have members living in different
societies.
Connect to Today: Cooperative learning
Theme: Science and Technology (see p.23/act.2)
Create a chart explaining the latest high-tech
equipment and machines used on a modern
industrialized farm. Use Internet or books to
research your topic.
The chart should meet these criteria:
• Presents visual and verbal information that
clearly explains how each farm machine works.
• Compares modern and early farming technology
and methods, including their pros and cons.
END
Civilization Part one
CIVILIZATION (part 2)
1. Geography affected cultural development in
the Fertile Crescent.
2. City-states and how other cultures learned
about them.
3. Sumerian religious beliefs, social structure, and
technology.
4. The influence of Sumer on later civilizations. Hammurabi’s law code.
Geography of the Fertile Crescent
1. Fertile Crescent.
2. Environmental Challenges.
3. Creating Solutions.
Questions:
1. What is the Fertile Crescent and why is it
called that?
2. Why was silt so important to the inhabitants
of Mesopotamia?
3. Name 3 advantages of Sumer’s natural
environment.
4. What were the human characteristics of the
Tigris and Euphrates river valley?
Sumerians Create City-States
1. The power of the priests.
2. Monarchs take control.
3. The spread of cities- cultural diffusion.
********
Ziggurat
.
Question:
Q.- How did monarchs gain power in the citystates?
A.- Frequent wars gave leaders military control
of standing armies. These leaders eventually
took political power.
The influence of Sumer on later
civilizations.
1. The First Builders.
2. Hammurabi’s law code.
Hammurabi’s Code of laws
He made a collection of laws to unify the diverse
groups within his empire.
Hammurabi’s code used 3 fundamental principles to
deal with these different legal problems
1.
Invoked the principles of retaliation to punish
crimes (an eye for an eye);
2. The code applied for everyone, it set different
punishment for rich and poor, men and women;
3. The code established the principles that
government had a responsibility for what occurred in a
society.
Hammurabi’s Code marked an important milestone in
Mesopotamian civilization.
“An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole
world blind”
- Mahatma Gandhi
The Ten Commandments
Created a permanent set of
religious and moral laws.
 The first 4 commandments
concerned the Jews’ special
relation with their God.
 The last 6 commandments
concerned the Jews’ moral
relationship with one another.
The Jews believed that these laws
formed a covenant, or promise
between God and the Jewish
people.
•
Questions:
1. How does an empire differ from a city-state?
2. How did Hammurabi’s law code advance
civilization?
3. Now that you have read about Hammurabi’s
law code what similarities do you see between
his Code and the laws you live under today?
How are they different? (discussion)
Answers:
1. Bothe are independent political units. However
a city-state controls only a city and its
surrounding territories. An empire controls
many people, nations or states.
2. it established a uniform law code for all groups
in his empire, it reinforce the principal that
government had a responsibility to its citizens.