Download APPENDIX E Classification of Life

APPENDIX
E
Classification of Life
This appendix presents a taxonomic classification for the
major extant groups of organisms discussed in this text; not
all phyla are included. The classification presented here is
based on the three-domain system, which assigns the two
major groups of prokaryotes, bacteria and archaea, to
separate domains (with eukaryotes making up the third
domain).
DOMAIN BACTERIA
• Proteobacteria
• Chlamydia
• Spirochetes
• Gram-positive Bacteria
• Cyanobacteria
DOMAIN EUKARYA
In the phylogenetic hypothesis we present in Chapter 28, major clades of eukaryotes are
grouped together in the five “supergroups” listed below in blue type. Formerly, all the eukaryotes generally called protists were assigned to a single kingdom, Protista. However, advances in systematics have made it clear that Protista is in fact polyphyletic: Some protists
are more closely related to plants, fungi, or animals than they are to other protists. As a result, the kingdom Protista has been abandoned.
Excavata
Archaeplastida
• Diplomonadida (diplomonads)
• Parabasala (parabasalids)
• Euglenozoa (euglenozoans)
•
•
•
•
Kinetoplastida (kinetoplastids)
Euglenophyta (euglenids)
Chromalveolata
• Alveolata (alveolates)
Dinoflagellata (dinoflagellates)
Apicomplexa (apicomplexans)
Ciliophora (ciliates)
• Stramenopila (stramenopiles)
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
Chrysophyta (golden algae)
• Korarchaeota
• Euryarchaeota
Various alternative classification schemes are discussed
in Unit Five of the text. The taxonomic turmoil includes
debates about the number and boundaries of kingdoms and
about the alignment of the Linnaean classification hierarchy with the findings of modern cladistic analysis. In this
review, asterisks (*) indicate currently recognized phyla
thought by some systematists to be paraphyletic.
Phaeophyta (brown algae)
Oomycota (water molds)
Rhodophyta (red algae)
Chlorophyta (green algae: chlorophytes)
Charophyta (green algae: charophytes)
Plantae
Phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts)
Phylum Bryophyta (mosses)
Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
Phylum Lycophyta (lycophytes)
Phylum Pterophyta (ferns, horsetails,
whisk ferns)
Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads)
Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)
Phylum Anthophyta (flowering
plants)
Appendix E Classification of Life
Rhizaria
• Radiolaria (radiolarians)
• Foraminifera (forams)
• Cercozoa (cercozoans)
Classification of Life
v Gymnosperms
Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers)
• Nanoarchaeota
APPENDIX E
Seedless vascular
v plants
Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)
• Crenarchaeota
E–1
Nonvascular
v plants (bryophytes)
V Angiosperms
v
Seed
plants
DOMAIN EUKARYA, continued
Unikonta
• Amoebozoa (amoebozoans)
Myxogastrida (plasmodial slime molds)
Dictyostelida (cellular slime molds)
Gymnamoeba (gymnamoebas)
Entamoeba (entamoebas)
• Nucleariida (nucleariids)
• Fungi
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Polychaeta (polychaetes)
Oligochaeta (oligochaetes)
Phylum Acanthocephala (spiny-headed worms)
Ecdysozoa (ecdysozoans)
Phylum Loricifera (loriciferans)
Phylum Priapula (priapulans)
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
*Phylum Chytridiomycota (chytrids)
Phylum Arthropoda (This survey groups arthropods into
*Phylum Zygomycota (zygomycetes)
a single phylum, but some zoologists now split the
Phylum Glomeromycota (glomeromycetes)
Phylum Basidiomycota (club fungi)
Phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi)
arthropods into multiple phyla.)
Subphylum Chelicerata (horseshoe crabs, arachnids)
Subphylum Myriapoda (millipedes, centipedes)
Subphylum Hexapoda (insects, springtails)
Subphylum Crustacea (crustaceans)
Phylum Tardigrada (tardigrades)
Phylum Onychophora (velvet worms)
Deuterostomia (deuterostomes)
Phylum Hemichordata (hemichordates)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies)
Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)
Hydrozoa (hydrozoans)
Scyphozoa (jellies)
Cubozoa (box jellies and sea wasps)
Anthozoa (sea anemones and most corals)
Phylum Acoela (acoel flatworms)
Phylum Placozoa (placozoans)
Lophotrochozoa (lophotrochozoans)
Phylum Kinorhyncha (kinorhynchs)
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Catenulida (chain worms)
Rhabditophora (planarians, flukes, tapeworms)
Phylum Nemertea (proboscis worms)
Phylum Chordata (chordates)
Subphylum Cephalochordata (cephalochordates: lancelets)
Subphylum Urochrodata (urochordates: tunicates)
Subphylum Craniata (craniates)
Myxini (hagfishes)
Petromyzontida (lampreys)
Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras)
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
Actinistia (coelacanths)
Dipnoi (lungfishes)
Vertebrates
Amphibia (amphibians)
Reptilia (tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles,
crocodilians, birds)
Mammalia (mammals)
v
Phylum Ectoprocta (ectoprocts)
Phylum Brachiopoda (brachiopods)
Phylum Phoronida (phoronids)
Phylum Rotifera (rotifers)
Phylum Cycliophora (cycliophorans)
Phylum Mollusca (molluscs)
Polyplacophora (chitons)
Gastropoda (gastropods)
Bivalvia (bivalves)
Cephalopoda (cephalopods)
APPENDIX E
Classification of Life
E–2
Appendix E Classification of Life
• Choanoflagellata (choanoflagellates)
• Animalia
Asteroidea (sea stars, sea daisies)
Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
Crinoidea (sea lilies)
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)