Download Turkey Public Administration Profile

REPUBLIC OF
TURKEY
Public Administration
Country Profile
Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM)
Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA)
United Nations
February 2004
All papers, statistics and materials contained in the Country Profiles express entirely the opinion of the mentioned authors.
They should not, unless otherwise mentioned, be attributed to the Secretariat of the United Nations.
The designations employed and the presentation of material on maps in the Country Profiles do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents........................................................................................... 1
Turkey ......................................................................................................... 2
1. General Information ................................................................................... 3
1.1 People.................................................................................................. 3
1.2 Economy .............................................................................................. 3
1.3 Public Spending ..................................................................................... 4
1.4 Public Sector Employment and Wages....................................................... 4
2. Legal Structure .......................................................................................... 5
2.1 Legislative Branch.................................................................................. 5
2.2 Executive Branch ................................................................................... 6
2.3 Judiciary Branch .................................................................................... 7
2.4 Local Government.................................................................................. 8
3. The State and Civil Society .........................................................................10
3.1 Ombudsperson .....................................................................................10
3.2 NGOs ..................................................................................................10
3.3 Civil Society .........................................................................................10
4. Civil Service .............................................................................................11
4.1 Legal basis...........................................................................................11
4.2 Recruitment .........................................................................................12
4.3 Promotion............................................................................................12
4.4 Remuneration ......................................................................................12
4.5 Training...............................................................................................13
4.7 Gender................................................................................................13
5. Ethics and Civil Service ..............................................................................14
5.1 Corruption ...........................................................................................14
5.2 Ethics..................................................................................................15
6. e-Government ..........................................................................................16
6.1 e-Government Readiness .......................................................................16
6.2 e-Participation ......................................................................................17
7. Links .......................................................................................................18
7.1 National sites .......................................................................................18
7.2 Miscellaneous sites................................................................................18
1
TURKEY
Turkey
Click here for UN Cartographic Section
Source: The World Factbook - Turkey
Government type
Republican parliamentary democracy
Independence
29 October 1923 (successor state to
the Ottoman Empire)
Constitution
07 November 1982 (in brief)
Legal system:
Derived from various European
continental legal systems; accepts
compulsory International Court of
Justice jurisdiction, with reservations
Administrative divisions:
81 provinces
Source: The World Factbook - Turkey
2
1. General Information
1.1 People
Turkey
Bulgaria
Syria
1
Population
a
Total estimated population (,000), 2003
71,325
7,896
Female estimated population (,000), 2003
35,396
4,069
17,799
8,828
Male estimated population (,000), 2003
35,929
3,827
8,971
Sex ratio (males per 100 females), 2003
102
94
102
Average annual rate of change of pop. (%), 2000-2005
1.42
-0.85
2.38
Youth and Elderly Population
b
Total population under age 15 (%), 2003
30
14
Female population aged 60+ (%), 2003
9
24
37
5
Male population aged 60+ (%), 2003
8
19
4
66
67
52
Human Settlements
c
Urban population (%), 2001
Rural population (%), 2001
34
33
48
Urban average annual rate of change in pop. (%), ‘00-‘05
1.94
-0.94
3.25
Rural average annual rate of change in pop/ (%), ‘00-‘05
0.07
-1.05
1.78
9.5i
12.7
9ii
1
i
8.5
12.9
..
1
10.4i
12.5
..
1
2
Education
d
Total school life expectancy, 2000/2001
Female school life expectancy, 2000/2001
Male school life expectancy, 2000/2001
iii
Female estimated adult (15+) illiteracy rate (%), 2000
Male estimated adult (15+) illiteracy rate (%), 2000
23.5
2.1
39.6
6.6iii
1
11.7
2
Employment
e
7.3iv
Unemployment rate (15+) (%), 2001
Female adult (+15) economic activity rate (%), 2001
26
Male adult (+15) economic activity rate (%), 2001
72
19.4v
vi
46
1.2 Economy
1
vii
2
21
vi
vii
55
Notes: i 1994; ii 1998/1999; iii 1990; iv 1999, Persons aged 12 years and over, Year beginning in August of year indicated;
jure population; vii Excluding armed forces
11.2
83
v
Month of June;
Turkey
Bulgaria
Syria
182,848
15,608
21,872
2,626
1,984
1,286
429,977
54,357
57,563
6,176
6,909
3,385
Value added in agriculture (% of GDP), 2003
13.4
12.1
23.5
Value added in industry (% of GDP), 2003
21.9
27.3
28.5
Value added in services (% of GDP), 2003
64.7
60.6
48.0
2
vi
De
GDP
2
a
GDP total (millions US$), 2002
GDP per capita (US$), 2002
PPP GDP total (millions int. US$), 2002
PPP GDP per capita(int. US$), 2002
Sectors
b
Miscellaneous
c
GDP implicit price deflator (annual % growth), 2003
22.5
2.1
5.1
Private consumption (% of GDP), 2003
66.9
69.0
58.5
Government consumption (% of GDP), 2003
13.6
19.0
10.7
Notes:
1
United Nations Statistics Division:
Statistics Division and Population Division of the UN Secretariat; b Statistics Division and Population Division of the UN
Secretariat; c Population Division of the UN Secretariat; d1 UNESCO ; d2 UNESCO; e1 ILO; e2 ILO/OECD
2
World Bank - Data and Statistics:
a
Quick Reference Tables; b Data Profile Tables ; c Country at a Glance
a
3
1.3 Public Spending
Turkey
Bulgaria
Syria
Education (% of GNP), 1985-1987
1.2i
5.4
4.8
a
Education (% of GNP), 1995-1997
2.2ii
3.2
4.2
a
Health (% of GDP), 1990
2.2
4.1
0.4
Health (% of GDP), 1998
3.3
3.9i
0.9
Military (% of GDP), 1990
3.5
4.2
6.9
b
Military (% of GDP), 2000
4.9
3
5.5
b
Total debt service (% of GDP), 1990
4.9
6.6
9.7
10.6
9.9
2
Public expenditures
3
Total debt service (% of GDP), 2000
Notes: i Data do not include expenditure on tertiary education;
methodological changes; iii 1998
ii
Data may not be strictly comparable with those for earlier years as a result of
1.4 Public Sector Employment and Wages
Turkey
1991-1995
Turkey
1996-2000
(,000)
616
1179.02
(% pop.)
1.08
1.86
Data from the latest year available
Europe &
Central Asia
average4
1996-2000
Central &
Eastern
Europe
average4
1996-2000
Middle
income
group
average4
1996-2000
0.61
0.45
0.59
0.61
0.45
0.59
1.58
1.43
1.20
1.15
1.04
0.70
0.68
0.31
0.30
0.87
0.77
0.46
20.08
8.28
3.61
..
..
6.05
Employment
Civilian Central Government5
Sub-national Government5
Education employees
Health employees
Police
Armed forces
SOE Employees
Total Public Employment
(,000)
249
185
(% pop.)
0.44
0.29
(,000)
550
284.58
(% pop.)
0.96
0.46
(,000)
131
186.4
(% pop.)
0.23
0.30
(,000)
..
180
(% pop.)
..
0.28
(,000)
..
..
(% pop.)
..
..
(,000)
..
490
(% pop.)
..
0.80
(,000)
..
..
(% pop.)
..
..
Wages
Total Central gov't wage bill
(% of GDP)
2.1
6.6
5.9
6.7
8.5
Total Central gov’t wage bill
(% of exp)
26.9
31.8
13.1
14.4
21.6
Average gov't wage
(,000 LCU)
65,595
1,756,320
Real ave. gov’t wage ('97 price)
(,000 LCU)
852,502
951,206
6.3
1.1
4.2
Average gov’t wage to per capita GDP ratio
1.9
2.1
Source: World Bank - Public Sector Employment and Wages
3
UNDP - Human Development Report 2002
Data refer to total public expenditure on education, including current and capital expenditures.
As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of military expenditure data over time and across
countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see SIPRI (2001).
4
Averages for regions and sub regions are only generated if data is available for at least 35% of the countries in that
region or sub region.
5
Excluding education, health and police – if available (view Country Sources for further explanations).
a
b
4
2. Legal Structure
According to the Constitution, unconditional and unrestricted sovereignty is vested
in the nation. The people exercise their sovereignty directly through elections, and
indirectly through the authorized organs within the framework of the principles laid
down in the Constitution. The legislative, executive and judiciary are the organs
which use sovereignty. The legislative power is vested in the Turkish Grand National
Assembly (TGNA) and cannot be delegated. Executive power and functions are
exercised and carried out by the President of the Republic and the Council of
Ministers, in conformity with the Constitution and the laws. Judicial power is
exercised by independent courts.
Source: Turkish Embassy (USA) - Constitution
2.1 Legislative Branch
Unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members are
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms).6
women in parliament: 24 out of 550 seats: (4%).7
The power to legislate is vested in the Turkish Grand National
Assembly (TGNA), which performs this function on behalf of
the Turkish nation. This power may not be delegated.
The TGNA was first empowered to exercise legislative power
in Ankara on April 23, 1920, in Ankara by Mustafa Kemal
Ataturk.
This
Assembly
functioned
under
the
extraordinary
circumstances and exercised legislative, executive and judicial
powers under the concept of the unity of these powers.
The 1924 Constitution was prepared on the principle of
unification of the power. The Judiciary, however, was to some
extent independent. Furthermore, this unification of the
powers was to a certain degree softened by providing for the
exercise of the executive power by the Cabinet, then called
the "Executive Council".
Fact box:
elections: last held 3
November 2002 (next to be
held 2007); a special rerun
of the General Election in
the province of Siirt on 9
March 2003 resulted in the
election of Recep Tayyip
ERDOGAN to a seat in
parliament, a prerequisite
for becoming prime minister
on 13 March 2003
election results: election
results: percent of vote by
party - AKP 34.3%, CHP
19.4%, DYP 9.6%, MHP
8.3%, ANAP 5.1%, DSP
1.1%, and others; seats by
party - AKP 363, CHP 178,
independents 9; note parties surpassing the 10%
threshold are entitled to
parliamentary seats
The 1961 Constitution did away with the unification of powers.
In this Constitution, the power to legislate was vested in the
two chambers: The National Assembly and the restored
Republican Senate. The executive power rested with the
President and the Council of Ministers, provided that their
actions were within the limits delineated by the law. The exercise of judicial power
was to be used in independent tribunals on behalf of the nation.
In the 1982 Constitution, the duties and authorities of the TGNA, now composed of
one chamber, are outlined as follows:
6
7
•
To enact, amend and abrogate laws
•
To monitor the actions of the Council of Ministers and Ministers
Source of fact boxes if nothing else stated: The World Factbook - Turkey
Inter-Parliamentary Union - Women in National Parliaments
5
•
To delegate to the Council of Ministers the authority to issue "Decrees with
Power of Law" for specific subjects
•
To debate and pass the Budget and the Bills for Final Accounts
•
To ratify the printing of currency and the declaration of war
•
To ratify international agreements
•
To declare amnesty or pardons for those convicted of crimes other than those
specified in article 14 of the Constitution and to ratify the execution of death
sentences ruled by the courts and for which appeals have been denied
The TGNA convenes of its own accord on the first day of September of each year.
The Assembly may recess for a maximum of three months in any one legislative
year. During an adjournment or recess, the Assembly may be summoned by the
President either on his own initiative or at the request of the Council of Ministers.
The Speaker of the House may also, either on his own initiative or upon the written
request of one-fifth of the members, call the Assembly into session.
The Chairmanship Council of the Grand National Assembly is composed of the
Speaker of the House, his Deputies, Scribe Members and the Administrative
Supervisory members. The Council is elected from among the Assembly members in
due proportion to the number of members in each political party group.
The Assembly takes its decision by the absolute majority vote of those present.
Unless a decision has been taken to hoist a closed session, all debates of the
Assembly may be viewed by spectators and are held openly. The proceedings are
published in the Journal of Records, and unless a decision to the contrary has been
taken, may be published by any means.
The TGNA exercises its parliamentary control functions by means of parliamentary
questions, parliamentary investigations, general debates, ministerial questioning and
inquiries.
Source: Turkish Embassy (USA) - Legislative
2.2 Executive Branch
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
elections: President elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000
(next to be held NA May 2007); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
According to the Constitution, the exercise of the executive
power is vested in and is used by the President and the
Council of Ministers.
The President, who is Head of State, is elected for a one-time
term of seven years either from among the members of the
TGNA or from among those who are Turkish citizens of over
40 years of age and eligible to be elected to the TGNA, from
among persons who have completed standard education.
Fact box:
chief of state: President
Ahmet Necdet SEZER
(since 16 May 2000)
head of government: Prime
Minister Recep Tayyip
ERDOGAN (14 March
2003); Abdullah GUL
resigned 11 March 2003;
ERDOGAN was given a
mandate to form a new
government
The duties and authorities of the President in the exercise of
executive power are, inter alia, to appoint the Prime Minister
or to accept his resignation and Upon the recommendation of
the Prime Minister, to appoint or remove Ministers to and from office In the event
that he deems this necessary, to chair the meeting of the Council of Ministers, or to
summon the Council to meet under his chairmanship
6
Duties and authority of the President related to the Judiciary consist of appointing
the members of the Constitutional Court, one fourth of the members of Council of
State, the Chief and Deputy Chief Public Prosecutor of the Supreme Military
Administrative Tribunal and the members of the Supreme Council of Judges and
Public Prosecutors.
All decrees, with the exception of those with which the President is specifically
empowered by the Constitution or by other laws to sign singly without need for the
co-signature of the Prime Minster and the related Minister, must be co-signed by the
Prime Minister and the related Minister. The Prime Minister and the related Minister
shall be held accountable for these decrees.
No appeal may be made to any legal body, including the Constitutional Court,
against the decrees and presidential orders signed directly by the President of the
Republic.
The Prime Minister is responsible for ensuring that the Council functions in a
harmonious manner as well as for coordination between the Ministries. The 1982
Constitution has not only strengthened the powers of the President but those of the
Prime Minister as well.
The Council of Ministers which is politically accountable to the Legislature is
composed of the Prime Minister and the ministers. The Prime Minister is selected by
the President. The ministers are selected by the Prime Minister and all are appointed
by the President.
While the ministers are not required to be deputies, the Prime Minister must be
member of Parliament.
As a tradition in the Turkish parliamentary system, the President appoints the
ministers who are selected by the Prime Minister. In practice, the Presidents either
approve the list presented to them for ratification as it is, or else they make changes
to the list as they see fit.
Source: Turkish Embassy (USA) - Legislative
National Security Council
A number of fundamental changes have been made to the legal framework of the
National Security Council (NSC) with a view to aligning relations between civil and
military authorities on practice in EU Member States.
The duties, powers and functioning of the National Security Council (NSC) have been
substantially amended, bringing the framework of civil-military relations closer to
practice in EU Member States.
Source: European Commission - Regular Report (11/2003)
2.3 Judiciary Branch
Constitutional Court (judges are appointed by the president); Court of Appeals and Council of State (judges
are elected by the Supreme Council of Judges and Prosecutors).
Judicial power is exercised by independent courts functioning on behalf of the Turkish
nation.
Judges, who are independent in discharging their duties, rule on the basis of the
provisions of the Constitution, the laws, jurisprudence and their personal convictions.
No organ, office, authority or individual may attempt to intimidate, instruct or order,
7
make suggestions or recommendations to or send notices to any judge concerning
how they should exercise their powers in the courts.
The legislative and executive organs and the administration must comply with the
rulings of the courts, and they may not change or delay the application of these
rulings.
The most important factor that ensures the independence of the judiciary is the
"Guarantee for Judges and Prosecutors" provided for in the Constitution. The
Supreme Council of Judges and Prosecutors wields the sole authority to make
decisions related to the careers of the judges and the public prosecutors of the
administrative and criminal courts on matters such as admission into the profession,
appointments, transfers to other posts, the delegation of temporary powers,
promotions, the allocation of posts, and decisions regarding those who are
pronounced unfit to continue in the profession and therefore liable to removal from
office.
The judges, who are thus assured of their independence of action, also assume
duties related to the monitoring and overseeing of elections, in addition to their
duties in the judiciary tribunals.
The Constitution also stipulates that as a general rule court hearings are open to the
public and that all rulings of the courts be accompanied by a statement of
justification for the verdict, and that trials of minors take place as provided for by
special clauses in the law.
Source: Turkish Embassy (USA) - Judiciary
The Supreme Court still performs the functions of court of second instance. The
Supreme Court deals with an average of 500 000 cases a year which would
otherwise be dealt with by courts of appeal.
There continue to be reports that the judiciary does not always act in an impartial
and consistent manner. The principle of the independence of the judiciary is
enshrined in the Turkish Constitution. In practice however, its independence is
undermined by several other constitutional provisions, which establish an organic
link between the judiciary and the executive. The Constitution provides that judges
and prosecutors shall be attached to the Ministry of Justice in so far as their
administrative functions are concerned.
Source: European Commission - Regular Report (11/2003)
2.4 Local Government
Local administrative agencies are authorized by the central government agencies to
introduce rules and meet financial obligations on matters related to the region.
Municipalities, provincial local governments and villages are the three types of local
administration operating in Turkey.
Municipalities
Municipal administration comprises an assembly, a council, and a mayor. The
Municipal Assembly, elected by popular vote, varies in size with the population and
approves the annual budget of the municipality, plans, projects related to public
works and city planning and determines taxes, rates of duties, fees and tariffs of
various sorts.
The Municipal Council consists of the mayor, the heads of the municipal departments
and members elected by the municipal assembly from among its own members. It
prepared transport tariffs and fees, sets commodity prices, determines municipal
8
fines, checks, budgets and decides on the hiring, firing and promotion of city
employees.
The Mayor is the chief executive and representative of the municipality. He is elected
for a term of five years.
Municipal Council members are elected by the proportional representation system.
Mayors are elected by simple majority.
In big cities, where there is more than one district within municipal borders, the
electoral zone for the election of the mayor of the metropolitan municipality is
restricted by the municipal borders of he metropolis. Each district elects its own
mayor and municipal assembly members.
Every Turkish citizen eligible to become a deputy in the National Assembly and who
has lived in a specific electoral zone for at least six months may be elected mayor or
municipal assembly member for the area.
Provincial Local Governments
The governor, the representative of the central administration, is also the head of
the provincial local government and its chief executive. The governor usually acts in
line
with
the
decisions
made
by
the
provincial
general
assembly.
The provincial general assembly, the most authoritative body of the organization,
consists of members elected for a term of four years. Meeting every year for forty
days under the governor, it approves the provincial budget and makes decisions
regarding the institutional services of the province.
The standing provincial council, composed of four members elected for a term of one
year by the provincial general assembly from among its own members, reviews and
approves fiscal matters, informs the provincial general assembly of the state of
affairs of the organization and submits to the mayor, upon his request, its views
related to local government operations.
Members of the provincial general assembly are elected by the proportional
representation system, provided that their parties receive at least 10 percent of the
votes.
Each district forms an electoral zone for elections to the provincial general assembly
Villages
People with common property such as a mosque, school and pasture and who live in
scattered or closely packed houses make up, together with their yards, gardens and
land, a village. A village administration is formed in villages where at least 150
people
live.
This
administration
is
a
corporate
entity.
The basic body in the village administration is the Village Assembly. This assembly,
composed of villages over the age of 21, elects the village headman (Muhtar) and
members of the Council of Elders. It decides on whether some optional duties should
be made obligatory and determines the salary of the headman.
The Council of Elders consists of four to six permanent and four to six reserve
members, in line with the village population. The imam (prayer leader) and the
village schoolteacher are also on the Council. The Council of Elders makes
recommendations concerning the conduct of village affairs and determines the things
to be done. The village headman is elected to the village assembly for a term of five
years. He represents the central administration and supervises the planning and
operation of village projects and services.
Source: Turkish Embassy (USA) - Local Administration
9
3. The State and Civil Society
3.1 Ombudsperson
Source: Institution - Title
3.2 NGOs
Source: Institution - Title
3.3 Civil Society
With regard to freedom of expression, a number of existing restrictions have been
lifted. This has led to both acquittals and the release of a number of prisoners
sentenced for the non-violent expression of opinion. However, despite legislative
changes, some problems remain.
As regards freedom of the press, the situation continues to give rise to concern in
spite of some legislative changes. The fourth reform package amended Article 15 of
the Press Law. The amendment contains provisions that protect the owners of
periodicals, editors and writers from being forced to reveal their sources.
In the field of broadcasting, reforms permitting radio and TV broadcasts in languages
other than Turkish have not yet led to any concrete result.
As regards freedom of association, restrictions were eased following amendments
under the fourth and seventh reform packages. However, significant limitations
remain, including in relation to the establishment of associations on the basis of race,
ethnicity, religion, sect, region, or any other minority group. Changes did not lead to
the adoption of a clear framework addressing the main problems faced by
associations.
Source: European Commission - Regular Report (11/2003)
10
4. Civil Service
The government issued an action plan in January 2003 designed to streamline the
functioning of public administration and government, to promote a more transparent
management of human resources in the public service and to strengthen the fight
against corruption. One of the measures under this plan has been to reduce the
number of ministries from 36 to 23. An inter-ministerial committee, established by
the Government to co-ordinate the realization of the action plan, was set up in March
by the Prime Minister.
Source: European Commission - Regular Report (11/2003)
According to the new Public Management draft law, issues such as continuous
development in public management, participation, transparency, accountability,
predictability, efficiency, justice, reliability of declarations, localization in services and
efficient use of information technologies are the basic principles.
Source: Turkish Time - "The public management law draft and the EU progress report"
4.1 Legal basis
The Act No. 657 on Public Servants of 14 July 1965. Given the promulgation of a new
draft law, the act no.657 for public servants which provides job and salary security
will no be longer apply to teachers, doctors, nurses, engineers, and architects.
Municipalities and Special Administrations for Cities (SACs) will have to provide the
financial resources necessary to run these services.
Source: Our World is Not For Sale - Changes in Labour Law (edited)
Content of Civil Service Legislation
Content of Civil Service Legislation in OECD
and Select CEE Countries1
Job duties &
Responsibilities
Tenure &
Security 2
Disciplinary
Arrangements3
Rewards & Wage
Bargaining
Career System
Closed
Open Recruitment
Turkey
1) The empirical data presented in this table (and the one below) draw from material kindly provided by OECD PUMA and
SIGMA. The authors take full responsibility for any errors. The specific content of civil service legislation varies widely.
2) Tenure and security does not imply that civil servants cannot be dismissed.
3) Disciplinary arrangements may apply only to some groups of civil servants.
Source: World Bank – Civil Service in OECD and Select CEE Countries
Who has civil servant status?
Groups of public employees covered by the same civil service legislation as civilian
central government employees
Sub national Government
(excluding education, health, & police)
Health
Employees
Education
Employees
Police
Covered by same legislation
as civilian central
government?
Separate civil service legislation offering
similar, but distinct status?
Turkey
Source: World Bank – Civil Service in OECD and Select CEE Countries
11
4.2 Recruitment
The Constitution, Part 2, Article 70, stipulates that Every Turk has the right to enter
the public service.
No criteria other than the qualifications for the office concerned shall be taken into
consideration for recruitment into the public service.
Source: Constitution of the Republic of Turkey
Regulation No.99/13422 amending the regulation concerning the competitive examination
for public administration and public service.
Resmi Gazete, 1999-10-17, No. 23879, p. 6
Regulates competitions for public servant positions
Source: International Labour Organization - NATLEX
According to a draft law regarding public administration reform submitted to the
parliament, civil servants and other public officials will be recruited or promoted by a
competence examination or under principles of merit. Other public officials or
employees working full or half time will be employed by a contract without any
cadre. The contract will write about duties, rights and liabilities and performance
indicators of personnel.
Source: TyrkishPress.com - "Public Management Basic Draft Law" (11/2003) (edited)
4.3 Promotion
Regulation of the Ministry of Labour and Social Security concerning the career
development of public servants in accordance with Act No. 657 of 14 July 1965.
Resmi Gazete, 1999-12-01, No. 23893, p. 25
Governs the development of civil servant careers
Source: International Labour Organization - NATLEX
The draft law regulates hierarchical positions and titles of central and rural offices of
ministries and concerned institutions. Under the bill, there will be undersecretary,
general director, chairmen of departments and branches.
The Foreign Ministry, Secretariat General of National Security Council,
Undersecretariat of National Intelligence Organization and concerned institutions will
not be subject to provisions regarding hierarchical positions and titles. Hierarchical
positions and titles in these institutions will be regulated under the law on their
foundation.
Source: TyrkishPress.com - "Public Management Basic Draft Law" (11/2003) (edited)
4.4 Remuneration
Law 4588 of 29 June 2000 concerning the mission of Public Service and the Public
servants.
Resmi Gazete, 2000-07-06, No. 24101, p.1-2
Provides that the bureaucratic procedures associated with public work have to be
completed in time and stipulates that discrepancies between the salaries of workers
must be eliminated.
Source: International Labour Organization - NATLEX
The share of expenditure on wages and salaries is higher in Turkey at 24% than
most of its comparators. Only Portugal and Greece have higher shares allocated to
12
wages. In most of the OECD countries, the share ranges from a low of 2.9 (Australia)
to a high of 16% (France). Taken together with evidence of wage compression in the
civil service, this statistic reflects the consequence of many years of neglect of public
sector wage and employment issues in Turkey. As such, this problem is more typical
of less developed countries than an OECD member.
It is clear that high inflation, varying rules for inflation compensation and budgetary
fragmentation have created perverse incentives within the within the civil service.
The use of revolving fund to supplement salaries complicates easy judgment about
trends on compensation derived only from formal pay structures and also creates the
potential for equivalent skills to receive varying reward due to differential access to
revolving funds or other sources of salary supplement
Source: World Bank - Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (2001) (edited)
4.5 Training
Source: Institution - Title
4.7 Gender
Source: Institution - Title
13
5. Ethics and Civil Service
5.1 Corruption
2003 CPI Score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by
business people and country analysts and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0
(highly corrupt).
Corruption Perceptions Index
2003 CPI
Score
Surveys
Used
Standard
Deviation
High-Low
Range
Number
Inst.
90 percent
confidence
range
Rank
Country
1
Highly clean
9.7
8
0.3
9.2 - 10.0
4
9.5 - 9.9
77
Turkey
3.1
14
0.9
1.8 – 5.4
10
2.8 – 3.5
133
Highly corrupt
1.3
8
0.7
0.3 - 2.2
6
0.9 - 1.7
Source: Transparency International - Corruption Perceptions Index 2003
Surveys Used: Refers to the number of surveys that were used to assess a country's performance. 17 surveys were
used and at least 3 surveys were required for a country to be included in the CPI.
Standard Deviation: Indicates differences in the values of the sources. Values below 0.5 indicate agreement, values
between 0.5 and c. 0.9 indicate some agreement, while values equal or larger than 1 indicate disagreement.
High-Low Range: Provides the highest and lowest values of the sources.
Number Institutions: Refers to the number of independent institutions that assessed a country's performance. Since
some institutions provided more than one survey.
90 percent confidence range: Provides a range of possible values of the CPI score. With 5 percent probability the score
is above this range and with another 5 percent it is below.
Some progress has been achieved in adopting anti-corruption measures. However,
surveys continue to indicate that corruption remains a very serious problem in
Turkey. The sectors more prone to corruption are reported to be the media,
government, construction, and health. Moreover, 80 % of businessmen believe that
corruption is the main obstacle preventing foreign investment.
Parliament ratified in April the Council of Europe Civil Law Convention on Corruption
paving the way for Turkey's participation in the Group of States against Corruption
(GRECO) which monitors compliance with European anti-corruption standards.
In January 2003, the Turkish government announced an “Emergency Action Plan”,
which contains a section on corruption with important additional elements to the
“Action Plan on increasing transparency and enhancing good governance in the
public sector” adopted in January 2002. These elements are the acceleration of the
ratification process of the Criminal and Civil Law Conventions on Corruption of the
Council of Europe, increased sanctions for corruption offences in criminal law,
increased transparency in the financing of political parties, enhanced access to
information by reviewing secrecy provisions and enhanced dialogue between
government, public administration and civil society.
The action plan also included measures such as a Public Information Act intended to
increase transparency of public life and a Civil Service Code of Conduct.
Consequently, in line with the Emergency Action Plan, Turkey ratified the Council of
Europe Civil Law Convention in September 2003.
According to latest figures available, authorities reported that 18 958 cases related
to corruption were brought before the court in 2001. In the same year, 18 282 cases
14
were concluded by courts, resulting in 6 362 convictions, 6 126 acquittals, 426
abatements and 5 278 others, where sentences have been postponed.
Furthermore in January, a Parliamentary Investigation Committee was set up by a
parliamentary decision to analyze the reasons, economic and social dimensions of
corruption and to identify necessary measures to effectively fight against corruption.
However, in spite of several initiatives, corruption remains at a persistently high level
and affects many spheres of public life.
As for the fight against fraud and corruption, the fragmented structure of public
administration with different institutions subject to different laws and unclear
delineation of duties and responsibilities, as well as insufficient co-ordination and
communication between public institutions and lengthy processing times for
administrative procedures greatly impact upon the ability of the government to
prevent and control corruption. Training of public officials, awareness-raising on
combating corruption and systematic application of codes of conduct and codes of
ethics within the public administration are recommended.
Source: European Commission - Regular Report (11/2003) (edited)
5.2 Ethics
In an action plan adopted in January 2003, the Government included several
measures and initiatives aimed at strengthening the fight against corruption. Among
these measures are a Public Information Act intended to increase transparency of
public life and a Civil Service Code of Conduct.
Source: European Commission - Regular Report (11/2003)
15
6. e-Government
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
AR
Sy
ria
n
on
ba
n
Le
Jo
rd
an
ae
l
Is
r
e
G
re
ec
rg
ia
eo
G
Tu
Web Measure Index:
A scale based on
progressively
sophisticated web
services present.
Coverage and
sophistication of stateprovided e-service and
e-product availability
correspond to a
numerical classification.
us
0
rk
ey
The index is comprised
of three sub-indexes:
Web Measure Index,
Telecommunications
Infrastructure Index and
Human Capital Index.
e-Government Readiness Index
yp
r
The index refers to the
generic capacity or
aptitude of the public
sector to use ICT for
encapsulating in public
services and deploying
to the public, high
quality information
(explicit knowledge) and
effective communication
tools that support
human development.
6.1 e-Government Readiness
C
e-Government
Readiness Index:
Source: HUnited Nations – World Public Sector Report 2003H
Web Measure Index
Human Capital Index
Telecom. Infrastructure Index
1
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
AR
ia
n
Sy
r
ba
no
n
Le
n
Jo
rd
a
ae
l
Is
r
e
re
ec
G
eo
rg
ia
G
C
yp
ru
s
0
ke
y
Primary indicators are:
PC’s, Internet users,
online population and
Mobile phones.
Secondary indicators
are TVs and telephone
lines.
0.7
Tu
r
Telecommunications
Infrastructure Index:
A composite, weighted
average index of six
primary indices, based
on basic infrastructural
indicators that define a
country's ICT infrastructure capacity.
Source: HUnited Nations – World Public Sector Report 2003H
Human Capital Index:
A composite of the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio, with two thirds of the weight
given to adult literacy and one third to the gross enrolment ratio.
16
6.2 e-Participation e-Participation Index
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
e-information:
R
A
ri a
n
Sy
Le
ba
no
n
Jo
rd
an
ae
l
Is
r
ec
e
e-decision making
e-consultation
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
A
R
Sy
ria
n
on
Le
ba
n
Jo
rd
an
l
Is
ra
e
G
re
e
G
eo
rg
ia
ce
0
yp
ru
s
The government
indicates that it will
take citizens input
into account in
decision making and
provides actual
feedback on the
outcome of specific
issues.
e-information
C
e-decision making:
Source: HUnited Nations – World Public Sector Report 2003H
Tu
rk
ey
The government
websites offer
information on
policies and
programs, budgets,
laws and regulations,
and other briefs of
key public interest.
Tools for disseminating of information
exist for timely access
and use of public
information, including
web forums, e-mail
lists, newsgroups and
chat rooms.
G
re
C
G
eo
rg
ia
yp
ru
s
0
y
Refers to the willingness, on the part of
the government, to
use ICT to provide
high quality information (explicit knowledge) and effective
communication tools
for the specific
purpose of empowerring people for able
participation in
consultations and
decision-making both
in their capacity as
consumers of public
services and as
citizens.
Tu
rk
e
e-Participation
Index:
Source: HUnited Nations – World Public Sector Report 2003H
e-consultation:
The government website explains e-consultation mechanisms and tools. It offers a choice of public policy topics online for discussion with
real time and archived access to audios and videos of public meetings. The government encourages citizens to participate in discussions.
17
7. Links
7.1 National sites
Authority
Topic
Presidency of the Republic of Turkey
http://www.cankaya.gov.tr/
Grand National Assembly of Turkey
http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/
Prime Ministry
http://www.basbakanlik.gov.tr/
Office of the Prime Minister, Directorate General of
Press and Information
http://www.byegm.gov.tr
State Institute of Statistics (SIS)
http://www.die.gov.tr/
7.2 Miscellaneous sites
Institution
Topic
European Union (EU)
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/turkey/
International Labour Organization (ILO)
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.home
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD)
Organization for Security and Co-operation in
Europe (OSCE) - legislation
http://www1.oecd.org/puma/country/turkey.htm
http://www.legislationline.org
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
http://www.un.org.tr/
World Bank (WB)
http://www.worldbank.org.tr/
18