Download An Overview of Ceramic Wastes Management in Construction

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973–4562, Volume 11, Number 4, (2016), pp 2680–2685
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
An Overview of Ceramic Wastes Management in Construction
Sh. K. Amin*
Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering and Pilot Plant Department,
Engineering Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
H. A. Sibak
Professor, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
S. A. El–Sherbiny
Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
M. F. Abadir
Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Traditional construction materials such as concrete, bricks,
hollow blocks, solid blocks, pavement blocks and tiles are
being produced from the existing natural resources. This
damages the environment due to continuous exploration and
depletion of natural resources. Moreover, various toxic
substances such as high concentration of carbon monoxide,
oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, and suspended particulate
matters are invariably emitted to the atmosphere during the
manufacturing process of construction materials. The
emission of toxic matters contaminates air, water, soil, flora,
fauna and aquatic life, and thus influences human health as
well as their living standard [2].
The cost of construction materials is increasing by the day
because of high demand, scarcity of raw materials, and high
price of energy. From the standpoint of energy saving and
conservation of natural resources, the use of alternative
constituents in construction materials is now a global concern.
For this, the extensive research and development works
towards exploring new ingredients are required for producing
sustainable and environment friendly construction materials
[2].
Abstract
This article represents a comprehensive review of available
literature on the construction materials including different
kinds of ceramic wastes. The traditional methods for
producing construction materials are using the valuable
natural resources. Besides, the industrial and urban
management systems are generating solid wastes, and most
often dumping them in open fields. These activities pose
serious detrimental effects on the environment. To safeguard
the environment, many efforts are being made for the
recycling of different types of solid wastes with a view to
utilizing them in the production of various construction
materials. This review article discusses the environmental
implications caused by the generation of ceramic wastes, and
highlights their recycling potentials and possible use for
producing construction materials.
Keywords: Ceramic wastes, Construction materials, Waste
management.
Introduction
The industrial and economic growth witnessed in recent
decades has brought with it an increase in the generation of
different types of waste (urban, industrial, construction, etc.)
despite the waste management policies which have been
adopted nationally and internationally [1].
The practice of dumping and / or the inadequate management
of waste from the various manufacturing sectors have had a
notable impact on the receiving environment, leading to
water, soil, air and noise pollution, amongst other
complications, and adding to existing environmental
problems. At the same time, these practices represent an
economic cost [1].
However, if waste is managed correctly it can be converted
into a resource which contributes to savings in raw materials,
conservation of natural resources and the climate, and
promotes sustainable development.
Major Solid Wastes and Their Potential Use in
Construction Materials
Different types and sources of solid wastes are shown in Table
(1). About 19 billion tons of solid wastes are expected to be
generated annually by the year 2025 [3]. Annually, Asia alone
generates 4.4 billion tons of solid wastes. About 6 % of this
amount is generated in India [2–4]. Malaysia is expected to
exceed 15,000 tons of solid wastes generation daily. The
disposal of these wastes has become a major environmental
problem in Malaysia and thus the possibility of recycling the
solid wastes for use in construction materials is of increasing
importance [2].
The recycling of solid wastes in civil engineering applications
has undergone considerable development over a very long
time. The utilization of fly ash, blast furnace slag, phosphor–
2680
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973–4562, Volume 11, Number 4, (2016), pp 2680–2685
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
gypsum, recycled aggregates, red mud, Kraft pulp production
residue, waste tea, etc., in construction materials shows some
examples of the success of research in this area. Similarly, the
recycling of hazardous wastes for use in construction
materials and the environmental impact of such practices has
been studied for many years [2, 5]. The recycling and
utilization potentials of different kinds of solid waste are
shown in Table (1). In fact, there is a great scope for setting
up secondary industries for the recycling and use of huge solid
wastes in construction materials, as can be understood from
Table (1). The uses of different types of solid waste in
construction materials are shown in Table (2) [2, 6].
frequent and much higher in volume. In each category the
fired ceramic waste was classified according to the production
process. This classification is reported in the following
diagram (Figure 1) [7, 8].
The ceramics industry is comprised of the following
subsectors: wall and floor tiles, sanitary ware, bricks and roof
tiles, refractory materials, technical ceramics and ceramic
materials for domestic and ornamental use [8, 9].
Table 1: Different types and sources of solid wastes and their
recycling and utilization potentials for construction materials
Figure 1: Classification of ceramic wastes by type and
production process
Also, the ceramic waste is classified as non–hazardous
industrial waste (NHIW). According to the Integrated
National Plan on Waste 2008–2015, NHIW is all waste
generated by industrial activity which is not classified as
hazardous in Order MAM/304/2002, of the 8 th February, in
accordance with the European List of Waste (ELW) and
identified according to the following codes [1, 9]:
Code No.
10
Waste from thermal processes.
Waste from the manufacture of ceramic
10.12
products, bricks, roof tiles, and construction
materials.
Ceramic, brick, roof tile, and construction
10.12.08
materials waste (fired).
Table 2: Major solid wastes and their uses in the production
of construction materials
Recent Developments in Ceramic Waste Reuse
1. Utilization of Ceramic Wastes in the Manufacturing of
Ceramic Tiles
There have been numerous attempts to utilize ceramic wastes
in the manufacture of wall and floor ceramic tiles in the last
two decades. The industrial wastes are important part of them.
Cement kiln dust (CKD) as a great trouble maker waste, was
utilized in ceramic tile bodies by Youssef [10] to replace half
the feldspar required for ceramic wall tile body with the
double target of cost reduction and environment protection.
Samples were dry pressed then fired at 1125 °C for 5, 10, 15
minutes soaking time respectively. Vitrification parameters of
the fired samples were measured. The water absorption was
within both ISO and Egyptian standards limits of wall tiles.
CKD in the mixture makes it less dense, more porous and
lowers the compressive strength. The dielectric properties get
better, while all the investigated mixtures showed good
electrical insulators behavior.
Ceramic Wastes
Ceramic wastes are produced as a result of the ceramic
processing. These wastes cause soil, air, and groundwater
pollution. Ceramic wastes can be separated in two categories
in accordance with the source of raw materials. The first one
are all fired wastes generated by the structural ceramic
factories that use only red pastes to manufacture their
products, such as brick, blocks, and roof tiles. The second one
is all fired waste produced in stoneware ceramic such as wall,
floor tiles and sanitary ware. These producers use red and
white pastes; nevertheless, the usage of white paste is more
2681
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973–4562, Volume 11, Number 4, (2016), pp 2680–2685
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Amin et al. [11] utilized the fired clay brick waste (Homra) in
the production of ceramic tiles. The fine red powder was used
to replace part of the basic mixture in percentage of weight
starting from 0 % till 70 %, increasing by 10 %. Firing
shrinkage and vitrification parameters were determined and
compared to both Egyptian and ISO standards. Analysis of
variance carried on crushing strength data, showed that the
percent replacement was the most influential factor rather than
temperature or soaking time. Results of water absorption,
crushing strength, MOR, thermal chock resistance, chemicals
and staining resistance, hardness conformed to standards. The
20 % fired clay waste addition is recommended for both its
economical and environmental benefits, in addition to
improving tile quality.
The influence of a mixture of leached cement kiln dust waste
(LCD) and Homra (H) on the densification and thermomechanical properties of conventional ceramic body has also
been studied. The results showed that as the firing temperature
increases, the densification and mechanical properties were
enhanced up to 10 wt. % LCD content at all firing
temperatures, deteriorating at higher LCD contents. Samples
with high porosity showed a greater dimensional stability and
therefore could be used as wall tiles, whilst those with low
porosity can be used as floor tiles. The optimum body batch
was that containing 10 wt. % LCD and 5 wt. % H fired at
1150 °C [12].
El–Fadaly et al. [13] investigated the possibility of recycling
of some solid wastes obtained during the preparation of
ceramic tiles within the same factory. The results showed that
it is possible to use cyclone dust, fly dust, and sludge in the
preparation of ceramic tiles at the same factory. The physico–
mechanical properties were enhanced by the addition of
cyclone dust and deteriorated by the addition of sludge
although still being within the acceptable range of such
products. On the other hand, properties of the product were
nearly unaffected by the addition of filter dust. The best
properties were achieved at 7.5 % wt content of each waste.
Also, Ceramic glazing sludge deriving from the purification
process of waste–water obtained by the glazing tile phase was
mixed in equal proportion with glass cullet in order to obtain a
high sintered product suitable to be used as floor / wall
covering tiles. Products were obtained with energy saving due
a lowering of about 200°C compared to about 1200 °C for
floor / wall covering [14].
Youssef and Ghazal [15] investigated the possibility of adding
the fine waste resulting from grinding of kiln rollers without
any treatment to standard floor tiles composition. It was
proved that adding up to 10 % powder to ceramic floor tiles
standard mix did not alter its final properties. Also, this waste
was utilized by Roushdy et al. [16] in the manufacture of
ceramic wall tiles. It was found that it adding this waste at 1
or 2 % level to wall tiles bodies improved their properties.
Youssef et al. [17] utilized soda glass waste (cullet) in tile
industry to reduce the firing temperature and time of the tile
bodies due to easy melting and glassy phase formation. They
recommended the addition of soda glass at a level of 23 % by
weight and firing at 1100 °C for 1 h to obtain water absorption
of 6.9 % for glazed floor tiles and 33.3 % by weight and firing
at 1100 °C for 1 h to get 5.6 % water absorption for
nonglazed floor tiles. These results were recently
corroborated by Mustafi et al. [18] who investigated the effect
of adding cullet on the properties of ceramic tiles. They used
cullet as partial or total replacement of feldspar. Their results
also indicated an increase in firing shrinkage and in the rate of
densification coupled with a decrease in apparent porosity.
Sintered ceramics from paper mill sludge and glass cullet
were produced and characterized by Asquini et al. [19]. Some
sintered samples displayed fairly good physical and
mechanical properties as a consequence of their low residual
porosity and fine microstructure. Also, Maschio et al. [20] and
Furlani et al. [21, 22] studied recycling of either paper mill
sludge or steel slag with glass cullet from energy saving lamps
in the manufacturing of fast firing ceramic tiles. It is observed
that the composition containing 60 wt. % of paper mill sludge
or steel slag, and 40 wt. % of glass cullet displayed the best
overall behaviour.
A lot of research work has been carried on the properties of
red slurries produced as waste in the industrial production of
aluminum from bauxite ores using the Bayer process. Red
mud, as pigment, was used in the manufacture of unglazed
stoneware tiles by Bittner et al. [23] by fast firing technique. It
was found however that red mud is not suitable as a pigment
due to the colour shift to brown with strong bloating of tiles.
Also, Red mud was utilized as an additive to Egyptian raw
materials for ceramic tile production. The results obtained
have shown that it is possible to use red mud in an elevated
percentage (70 %) with a blend of Egyptian clays, potash
feldspar and silica [24].
On the other hand, the literature involving the use of silica
fume in the manufacture of ceramic tiles is very limited.
Youssef et al. [25] tried unsuccessfully to utilize silica fume to
impart faster mullitization in ceramic tiles. It was found that
silica fume transforms to cristobalite at about 1000 °C
followed by rapid grain growth which impeded the formation
of mullite. This resulted in a drop in bending strength upon
addition of silica fume.
2. Utilization of Ceramic Wastes in the Manufacturing of
Clay Bricks
Recycling of different ceramic wastes in the production of
fired clay bricks (building bricks) was widely investigated.
During production, especially in the firing, transportation and
construction steps, large amounts of bricks are broken and
have to be dumped in landfills or used as a filling material.
Demirr and Orhan [26] investigated the addition of waste
brick material in brick production. Their results show that at a
mass of 30 % fine waste material additive, fired at 900 °C
showed adequate strength.
On the other hand, Ceramic tiles industry produces a lot of
wastes such as ceramic sludge, broken under quality tiles, and
accumulated dust. These wastes constitute a great pollution
problem to the surrounding environment. Up to 50 % ceramic
sludge additives were mixed with Kom Osheem clayey raw
material in upper Egypt for making building bricks. The mix
containing 15 % sludge and 85 % clay showed suitable
physico–mechanical properties for the fired clay bricks [27,
28].
Menezes et al. [29] utilized the kaolin processing and granite
sawing wastes as alternative raw materials in the production
of ceramic construction materials (as ceramic bricks and tiles,
2682
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973–4562, Volume 11, Number 4, (2016), pp 2680–2685
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Ay and Unal [40], and Lavat et al. [41] conducted researches
on partial substitution of cement with ceramic roofing tiles
waste. Substitution with various weight ratios by percentage
(25 % up to 40 %) of Portland cement by waste tile, and
optimized weight ratio substitution. Their main interest was
on: (i) pozzolanic properties of waste tile, (ii) setting time,
(iii) particle size, (iv) specific surface area, (v) volume
stability, (vi) density, and (vii) strength of cement. Their
findings indicated that waste roofing tiles have pozzolanic
properties, while also showing chemical and physical
properties similar to cement, thus conforming to cement
standard.
Puertas et al. [42] did an interesting research on clinkers and
cements obtained from a raw mix containing ceramic waste as
a raw material. The hydration, physical–chemical properties
and leaching behavior in different acid media were
investigated and found to be morphologically and
compositionally similar in hydration behavior, when
compared to conventional cement. The investigation was
conducted using red ceramic wall tiles, white ceramic wall
tiles, and a combination of red and white ceramic wall tiles,
and optimized at 11–14 % substitution of raw materials for
making cement.
As long as the European and Egyptian standards allows
blending with burnt shale, from 21 up to 35 wt. % known as
CEM II / B–T, Sadek et al. [43] used the fired ceramic wall
tiles waste rejected in industry to partially replace cement, up
to this ratio (35 wt.%), due to compatibility of raw materials,
insuring its conformity to standards to save energy required
for clinker production, materials to cement manufacturing and
to fulfill both environmental and economical targets. Calcined
clay waste, from Spanish paper industry, in the form of slurry
with 29 % organic materials, was also utilized in blended
cements [44].
Naceri and Hamina [45] investigated the use of waste brick as
a partial replacement for cement in the production of cement
mortar. Clinker was replaced by waste brick in different
proportions (up to 20 % by weight) for cement. The results
obtained show that the substitution of cement by 10% artificial
pozzolana improves the grinding time and setting times of the
cement, thus the mechanical characteristics of mortar.
In a distinguished work about utilizing the polishing and
glazing ceramic wastes, produced as sludge, in Italian
factories, Andreola et al. [46] successfully utilized them as a
partial replacement of cement (CEM I 52.5) up to 25 %, with
some important differences in their behavior.
New blended cements containing 10 % and 20 % ceramic
sanitary ware (SW), and construction and demolition waste
(C&DW) were investigated. The results showed that the
addition of ceramic sanitary ware waste reduced shear yield
stress and retarded the hydration reactions [47].
roof tiles, mortars, etc.). They showed that correct
characterization, both physically and micro–structurally, and
application of mathematical tools permit incorporation of high
amounts of waste in ceramic formulations, exceeding 50 % of
the raw material used in the composition.
Also, Many investigations were carried out to recycling by–
pass cement dust in alternative processes (e.g. use it in the
production of cement, clay bricks, or as a fertilizer by mixing
it with sewage water). The suitability of the mixture of by–
pass cement dust as non plastic material and the clay for the
production of bricks has been tested by many authors. Their
results generally showed that the substitution of 10 wt. % clay
by cement dust increases the gas permeability of the fired
bricks, which prevents bloating, and increases the crushing
strength of bricks with firing temperature up to 1000 C.
Higher level of substitution brought however a decrease in
crushing strength [30–32].
3. Utilization of Ceramic Wastes in the Manufacturing of
Vitrified Clay Pipes
Vitrified clay sewer pipes are used for sanitary drainage due
to their corrosion and abrasion resistance. They are
manufactured by mixing clay, grog and feldspar as fluxing
agent. In this section, the reusing ceramic wastes in the
manufacture of vitrified sewer pipes were investigated.
Waste by–pass cement dust was added in different
percentages ranging from 2 % to 10 % to a standard mix for
sewer pipes manufacture, as a substitute for expensive
feldspar. It was found that a mix consisting of 45 % kaolin, 36
% ball clay, 9 % grog, and 10 % by–pass dust fired at 1300 °C
for 4 hours yielded samples that meet the standards [33].
Also, ground glass waste (cullet) was added to clay and grog
mixture to substitute expensive feldspar. Samples with
different percent glass addition were fired for 3 hours at 1050,
1150 and 1250 °C. It was found that 10 % glass addition to
samples yielded samples that meet standard requirements
when fired at 1050 °C for 3 hours corresponding to a
reduction of about 200 °C in firing temperature. This in turns
leads to savings in fuel and reduction in CO2 emissions [34].
4. Utilization of Ceramic Wastes in the Manufacturing of
Blended Cement
Utilization of both fired red and white ceramic wastes and
their combination as a substitute of raw materials in the
manufacture of clinker itself was investigated. The results
showed that they were technically viable, and have higher
reactivity and burnability than a conventional mix, providing
that the particle size of the waste used is lower than 90 µm
[35]. Broken glass and ceramics are considered as non–
hazardous waste that can be also utilized [6]. The recycling
practice has been adopted in Europe by enforcing specific
standards that allow the use of waste (fly–ashes, blast furnace
slag, silica fume (SiO2)), respectively, in blended cements,
according to BS EN 197–1 [36]. Recently, Egyptian Standards
of cement have been modified to abide with European
Standards [37].
The potential utilization of coloured glass cullet in various
cementitious products was found to be very encouraging
especially for decorative and architectural applications [38,
39]
Conclusion
From the previous expose, it is clear that ceramic wastes can
be classified as non–hazardous industrial waste (NHIW).
Ceramic wastes include electrical porcelain insulator residues,
white ceramic, sanitary porcelain ware, roof tiles, cement kiln
dust, fired clay brick waste (Homra), glass waste (cullet),
2683
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973–4562, Volume 11, Number 4, (2016), pp 2680–2685
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
ceramic sludge, ceramic broken under quality tiles, and the
accumulated ceramic dust.
Ceramic wastes were generally suitable for use in the
construction industry, such as ceramic wall and floor tiles,
vitrified sewer pipes, building bricks and blended cement.
[12]
References
[13]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
C. Medina, M.I. Sánchez de Rojas, M. Frias, A. Juan,
“Advances in Ceramics – Electric and Magnetic
Ceramics, Bioceramics, Ceramics and Environment,
Chapter (24): Using Ceramic Materials in
Ecoefficient Concrete and Precast Concrete
Products”, 1st edition, InTech, ISBN: 978-953-307350-7, pp 533–550, (2011).
Md. Safiuddin, M.Z. Jumaat, M.A. Salam, M.S.
Islam, R. Hashim, “Utilization of solid wastes in
construction materials”, International Journal of the
Physical Sciences, vol. 5, No. 13, pp 1952–1963,
(2010).
S. Yoshizawa, M. Tanaka, A.V. Shekdar, “Global
Trends in Waste Generation. In: Recycling, Waste
Treatment and Clean Technology”, TMS Mineral,
Metals and Materials Publishers, Spain, pp 1541–
1552, (2004).
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), “Report on
Management of Municipal Solid Wastes”, Delhi,
India, (2000).
M. Cyr, J.E. Aubert, B. Husson, P. Clastres,
“Recycling Waste in Cement Based Materials: a
Studying Methodology”, In: RILEM Proceedings of
the Conference on the Use of Recycled Materials in
Building and Structures, Barcelona, Spain, pp 306–
315, (2004).
A. Pappu, M. Saxena, S.R. Asolekar, “Solid Wastes
Generation in India and their Recycling Potential in
Building Materials”, Building and Environment, vol.
42, pp 2311–2320, (2007).
F.P. Torgal, S. Jalali, “Reusing Ceramic Wastes in
Concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, vol.
24, pp 832–838, (2010).
Y. Tabak, M. Kara, E. Günay, S.T. Yildirim, Ş.
Yilmaz, “Ceramic Tile Waste as a Waste
Management Solution for Concrete”, 3rd International
Conference on Industrial and Hazardous Waste
Management (CRETE), pp 1–8, (2012).
A. Juan, C. Medina, J.M. Morán, M.I. Guerra, P.J.
Aguado, M. Isabel, M.I. Sánchez de Rojas, M. Frías,
O. Rodriguez, “Ceramic Materials, Chapter (10):
Reuse of Ceramic Wastes in Construction”, 1st
edition, InTech, ISBN: 978-953-307-145-9, pp 197–
214, (2010).
N.F. Youssef, “Utilization of Cement Kiln Dust in
the Manufacture of Wall Tiles’, Industrial Ceramics,
vol. 21, No. 1, pp 1–8, (2002).
Sh.K. Amin, N.F. Youssef., M.F. Abadir,
“Utilization of Fired Clay Brick Waste (Homra) in
the Manufacture of Ceramic Wall Tiles”,
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
2684
International Ceramics, vol. 24, No. 3, pp 181190,
(2004).
H.H.M. Darweesh, M.M.S. Wahsh, E.M. Negim,
“Densification and Thermomechanical Properties of
Conventional Ceramic Composites Containing Two
Different Industrial Byproducts”, American-Eurasian
Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 7, No. 3, pp 123–
130, (2012).
E. El–Fadaly, I.M. Bakr, M.R. Abo Breka,
“Recycling of Ceramic Industry Wastes in Floor
Tiles Recipes”, Journal of American Science, vol. 6,
No. 10, pp 224–247, (2010).
F. Andreola, L. Barbieri, I. Lancellotti, “Recovery of
Glazing Ceramic Sludge in Construction Materials”,
Second International Conference on Sustainable
Construction Materials and Technologies, Università
Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy, ISBN 9781-4507-1490-7, (2010).
M.M. Youssef., H.B.G. Ghazal., “Characterization
and Reuse of Kiln Rollers Waste in the Manufacture
of Ceramic Floor Tiles”, Journal of American
Science, vol. 7, No. 5, pp 703709, (2011).
M.H. Roushdy, Sh.K. Amin, M.M. Ahmed, M.F.
Abadir, “Reuse of the Product Obtained on Grinding
Kiln Rollers in the Manufacture of Ceramic Wall
Tiles”, Ceramics–Technical, vol. 38, pp 60–66,
(2014).
N.F. Youssef, M.F. Abadir, M.A.O. Shater,
“Utilization of Soda Glass (Cullet) in the
Manufacture of Wall and Floor Tiles”, Journal of the
European Ceramic Society, vol. 18, pp 17211727,
(1998).
S. Mustafi, M. Ahsan, A.H. Diwan, S. Ahmed, N.
Khatun, N. Absar, “Effect of Waste Glass Powder on
PhysicMechanical Properties of Ceramic Tiles”,
Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 24,
No. 2, pp 169–180, (2011).
L. Asquini, E. Furlani, S. Bruckner, S. Maschio,
“Production and Characterization of Sintered
Ceramics from Paper Mill Sludge and Glass Cullet”,
Chemosphere, vol. 71, pp 83–89, (2008).
S. Maschio, E. Furlani, G. Tonello, N. Faraone, E.
Aneggi, D. Minichelli, L. Fedrizzi, A. Bachiorrini, S.
Bruckner, “Fast firing of tiles containing paper mill
sludge, glass cullet and clay”, Waste Management,
vol. 29, pp 2880–2885, (2009).
E. Furlani, G. Tonello, S. Maschio, “Recycling of
Steel Slag and Glass Cullet from Energy Saving
Lamps by Fast Firing Production of Ceramics”,
Waste Management, vol. 30, pp 1714–1719, (2010).
E. Furlani, G. Tonello, S. Maschio, E. Aneggi, D.
Minichelli, S. Bruckner, E. Lucchini, “Sintering and
Characterisation of Ceramics Containing Paper
Sludge, Glass Cullet and Different Types of Clayey
Materials”, Ceramic International, vol. 37, pp 1293–
1299, (2011).
H.G. Bittner, B. Petersohn, G. Walter, K. Meier,
“Influence of Red Colouring
on Unglazed
Stoneware Tile in Fast Firing”, Keram. Z., vol. 45,
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973–4562, Volume 11, Number 4, (2016), pp 2680–2685
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
No. 11, pp 869–872 (Ger.), (1994), Chemical
abstract 112941 b, vol. 122, No. 10, p.p 496, (1995).
N.F. Youssef, M.F. Abadir, M.A.O. Shater, O.A.
Ibrahim, “Utilization of Red Mud in the Manufacture
of Ceramic Tiles”, Proceedings of the 7th Conference
of the European Ceramic Society, Brugge, pp 1775–
1778, (2001).
N.F. Youssef, M.F. Abadir, M.A.O. Shater, “Silica
Fume as Additive to Wall Tiles Mixture”, Global
symposium on recycling waste, REWAS, Madrid,
Spain, (2004).
I. Demirr, M. Orhan, “Reuse of Waste Bricks in the
Production Line”, Building and Environment, vol.
38, No. 12, pp 1451–1455, (2003).
N.G. Abd El–Ghafour, H.S. Hassan, H.H. Assal,
“Utilization of Some Ceramic Industrial Wastes for
Making Clay Building Bricks”, HBRC Journal, vol.
1, No. 2, (2005).
N.G. Abd El–Ghafour, “Making Green Building
Units by Using Some Wastes of Ceramic Industry”,
Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference
for Enhanced Building Operations, Kuwait, pp 1–7,
(2010).
R.R. Menezes, L.N.L. Santana, G.A. Neves, H.C.
Ferreira, “Environmental Contamination, Chapter
(11): Recycling of Mine Wastes as Ceramic Raw
Materials: An Alternative to Avoid Environmental
Contamination”, 1st edition, InTech, ISBN: 978-95351-0120-8, (2012).
M.A.M. Ali, H.S. Yang, “Utilization of Cement Kiln
Dust in Industrial Bricks”, Geosystem Engineering,
vol. 14, No. 1, pp 29–34, (2012).
A. Abdul–Kadir, N.A. Sarani, “An Overview of
Wastes Recycling in Fired Clay Bricks”,
International Journal of Integrated Engineering, vol.
4, No. 2, pp 53–69, (2012).
L. Zhang, “Production of Bricks from Waste
Materials: A Review”, Construction and Building
Materials, vol. 47, pp 643–655, (2013).
S.A. El–Sherbiny, N.F. Youssef, O.A. Ibrahim, M.F.
Abadir, “Use of Cement Dust in the Manufacture of
Vitrified Sewer Pipes”, Waste Management, vol. 24,
pp 597–602, (2004).
Y.N. ElShimy, Sh.K. Amin, S.A. EL–Sherbiny,
M.F. Abadir, “The Use of Cullet in the Manufacture
of Vitrified Clay Pipes”, Construction and Building
Materials, vol. 73, pp 452–457, (2014).
F. Puertas, I. Garcia–Diaz, A. Barba, M.F. Gazulla,
M. Palacios, M.P. Gomez, S. Martinez–Ramirez,
“Ceramic wastes as alternative raw materials for
Portland cement clinker production”, Cement and
Concrete Composites, vol. 30, pp 798–805, (2008).
BS EN 197–1/2011, “Composition, Specifications
and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements”, BSI
Standards Publication, London, UK, (2011).
ES 4756–1/2013, “Composition, Specifications and
Conformity Criteria for Common Cements”,
Egyptian Organization for Standardzation and
Quality (EOS), Cairo, Egypt, (2013).
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
2685
A. Karamberi, A. Moutsatsou, “Participation of
Coloured Glass Cullet in Cementitious Materials”,
Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 27, pp 319–
327, (2005).
A. Karamberi, E. Chaniotakis, D. Papageorgiou, A.
Moutsatsou, “Influence of Glass Cullet in Cement
Pastes”, China Particuology, vol. 4, No. 5, pp 234–
237, (2006).
N. Ay, M. Unal, “The Use of Waste Ceramic Tile in
Cement Production”, Cement and Concrete
Research, vol. 30, pp 497–499, (2000).
A.E.
Lavat,
M.A.
Trezza,
M.
Poggi,
“Characterization of Ceramic Roof Tile Wastes as
Pozzolanic Admixture”, Waste Management, vol. 29,
pp 1666–1674, (2009).
F. Puertas, I. Garcia–Diaz, M. Palacios, M.F.
Gazulla, M.P. Gomez, M. Orduna, “Clinkers and
Cements Obtained from Raw Mix Containing
Ceramic Waste as a Raw Material: Characterization,
Hydration and Leaching Studies”, Cement and
Concrete Composites, vol. 32, No. 3, pp 175–186,
(2010).
D.M. Sadek, Sh.K. Amin, N.F. Youssef, “Blended
Cement Utilizing Ceramic Wall Tiles Waste”,
International Conference on Construction Materials
and Structures, Johannesburg, South Africa, (Oral
presentation), pp 152–161, (2014).
M. Frías, O. Rodríguez, I. Vegas, R. Vigil,
“Properties of Calcined Clay Waste and Its Influence
on Blended Cement Behavior”, Journal of the
American Ceramic Society, vol. 91, No. 4, pp 1226–
1230, (2008).
A. Naceri, M.C. Hamina, “Use of Waste Brick as a
Partial Replacement of Cement in Mortar”, Waste
Management, vol. 29, pp 2378–2384, (2009).
F. Andreola, L. Barbieri, I. Lancellotti, M.C.
Bignozzi, F. Sandrolini, “New Blended Cement from
Polishing
and
Glazing
Ceramic
Sludge”,
International
Journal
of
Applied
Ceramic
Technology, vol. 7, No. 4, pp 546–555, (2010).
C. Medina, M.I. Sánchez de Rojas, P.F.G. Banfill,
M. Frías, “Rheological and Calorimetric Behaviour
of Cements Blended with Containing Ceramic
Sanitary Ware and Construction/Demolition Waste”,
Construction and Building Materials, vol. 40, pp
822–831, (2013).