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Different Ways to Make a Living Start Yes Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph Yes Yes Fixes carbon? No Energy Energy from light? from light? No No Energy Energy from inorganic from inorganic oxidation? oxidation? No No Other autotroph Other heterotroph Yes Yes Photoheterotroph Chemoheterotroph Hydrothermal Venting at the Seafloor Methane Seeps Amino Acids and Proteins Enzyme Catalysis Substrate Enzyme changes shape slightly as substrate binds Products Active site Substrate entering active site of enzyme Enzyme/substrate complex Enzyme/products complex Products leaving active site of enzyme Michaelis-Menten Kinetics [S] (of Substrate) Concentration [P] [E] [ES] Time How to get the ‘Redfield’ organic matter? Glucose Complex Carbohydrates How to get the ‘Redfield organic matter’ more reduced Common Lipids A Bi-lipid Membrane Carotenoids used in light harvesting Blankenship et al., 2011 Chloroplasts are where the action is A Diatom, #s are ~10µm apart The 2 Parts to Photosynthesis, Light and Dark Light reactions at the inner chloroplast membrane Dark reactions actually fix the CO2 with RuBisCo Cocolithophores -Plant -CaCO3 shell May 18, 1998 Diatoms -Plant -Silica shell Radiolaria -Zooplankton (heterotroph) -Silica shell Foraminifera -Zooplankton (heterotroph) -But, symbiotic algae sometimes -CaCO3 shell Climate Since the Dinosaurs Age (Millions of Years) after Zachos et al, 2001 A “Stack” of multiple (57) records 2 2.5 Benthic δ18O 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Age (ka) 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Lisiecki and Raymo, 2006 Picoplankton -very small algae Chlorophyll b -blue light adapted -found in Prochlorococcus Zooplankton Copepods Krill Jelly Fish Sverdrup, 1952 Sverdrup, 1952 The North Atlantic Bloom in the Satellite Era (SeaWifs Chl-a retrievals from 2003) February May see Siegel et al., 2002 for a discussion A ‘Hovmoller Plot’ of the NA Bloom Aug 1 June 1 May 1 April 1 Feb 1 Alldredge and Silver, 1988 Flux=F100(z/100)-0.858 F100=1.53 mol/m2/yr PP=22.2 g/m2/yr Martin et al. (1987) Time series of New/Total at Bermuda NH3 NO3 Dugdale and Goering, 1967 Latitude dependence in North Atlantic Time series at Bermuda Dugdale and Goering, 1967 Open Ocean Coastal Flux=F100(z/100)-0.858 F100=1.53 mol/m2/yr PP=22.2 g/m2/yr Martin et al. (1987) A post JGOFS view of the upper ocean Different size classes associated with New and 1° Prod surface (also NH4+ & org. N) Nitrification 1c FOOD WEB 1b 2b N2 New Production (f) is now NO3 and N2 fixation NO3– 3 P Z 1% light level NH4+ B 2a 4 New Production 5a 1a Regenerated Production PON 6a 5b DON Export Production Role of Bacteria is important in remineralization (and 1° prod?) 6b Export Production (e) is now both sinking of POM and mixing of DOM Carlson et al. (1994)
