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Monday 7 July 2014
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Quality and Methodology Information
General details
Title of output:
Gross Domestic Product
Abbreviated title:
GDP
Designation:
National Statistics
Geographic coverage:
UK
Date of last SQR or QMI:August 2012
Contact details:
[email protected]
This update is to refresh the Quality and Methodology Information document for Gross Domestic
Product. Linked documents have been updated where required, and the document reflects the
latest quality information available. However, a fuller review of this document will be held in Autumn
2014 including a user consultation on the contents, and updates to reflect the move to European
System of Accounts 2010.
Executive summary
Gross domestic product (GDP) is arguably the most important aggregate or summary indicator for
the purposes of economic analysis and comparisons over time. It measures total domestic
economic activity and can be estimated in three different ways: the production approach; the
expenditure approach and the income approach. Data are available on an annual basis back to
1948 and on a quarterly basis, for some of its components, back to 1955.
ONS produces estimates of GDP on both quarterly and annual bases. There are three publication
stages for the quarterly estimates: the preliminary estimate (Month 1 (M1)); the second estimate of
GDP (Month 2(M2)) and the UK Quarterly National Accounts (Month 3 (M3)). Annual estimates are
1
published in the Blue Book publication , usually in July or October.
Further information on GDP and the three approaches can be found in the Guide to National
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3
Accounts Framework and UK National Accounts – A Short Guide , both available on the ONS
website. Information on methodological improvements introduced at Blue Book 2013 can be found
4
in Impact of changes in the National Accounts and economic commentary for 2013 quarter 1 , also
available on the ONS website.
This document contains the following sections:
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Output quality;
About the output;
How the output is created;
Validation and quality assurance;
Concepts and definitions;
Other information, relating to quality trade-offs and user needs; and
Sources for further information or advice.
Quality and Methodology Information' (QMI) replaced 'Summary Quality Reports' (SQR) from 04/11
1
Output quality
This document provides a range of information that describes the quality of the data and details
any points that should be noted when using the output.
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ONS has developed Guidelines for Measuring Statistical Quality ; these are based upon the five
European Statistical System (ESS) Quality Dimensions. This document addresses these quality
dimensions and other important quality characteristics, which are:
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Relevance;
Timeliness and punctuality;
Coherence and comparability;
Accuracy;
Output quality trade-offs;
Assessment of user needs and perceptions; and
Accessibility and clarity.
More information is provided about these quality dimensions in the sections below.
About the output
Relevance
(The degree to which statistical outputs meet users’ needs.)
1
The UK National Accounts provide the basis for analysing the economic performance of the
country and are used throughout business and research communities, education, media and the
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7
general public. The accounts are major inputs to HM Treasury and Bank of England decisions on
fiscal and monetary policy and the forecasts produced by the Office for Budget Responsibility
8
(OBR) .
The UK National Accounts are compiled in accordance with the European System of Accounts
9
9
1995 (ESA 95 ), under EU law. ESA 95 is itself consistent with the standards set out in the United
10
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Nations System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA 93) . Significantly, gross national income (GNI) ,
partially derived from the GDP estimates, determines the UK’s contribution to the EU budget. The
National Accounts cover the UK as a whole, with three estimates of GDP published each quarter. In
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the first month after the end of the reference quarter, the GDP Preliminary estimate , based on
output, is published. In the second month, these estimates are improved within the Second
13
Estimate of GDP release and more detail is available. In the third month, the UK Quarterly
14
National Accounts are published, which includes a full National Accounts data set, including
1
sector accounts. These estimates are again updated in the Blue Book , where a fully balanced
dataset is published. Further detail on the balancing process is provided in the section ‘How the
output is created’.
Regional components of the national estimates are available. These are model-based, or derived
from surveys that do not give sufficient sample sizes at smaller areas for reliable estimates to be
derived. ONS publishes an annual statistical bulletin presenting Regional Gross Value Added
15
(GVA) estimates for English regions, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which includes
component totals and industry group totals.
Data for GDP estimates are sourced from survey and administrative sources, which are used in the
compilation of individual components of GDP.
For information on how ONS has engaged with users of GDP data please refer to the ‘Assessment
of user needs and perceptions section’, which is located under the ‘Other information’ heading.
Timeliness and punctuality
(Timeliness refers to the lapse of time between publication and the period to which the data refer.
Punctuality refers to the gap between planned and actual publication dates.)
12
GDP estimates are produced on both quarterly and annual bases. Quarterly preliminary estimates
1
of GDP are published around 25 days after the end of the reference period. Annual estimates are
published either in June or September, six or nine months after the reference period.
2
16
The Special Data Dissemination Standards page on the International Monetary Funds’ (IMF)
17
website provides more information on periodicity and timeliness of estimates. To date, GDP
Statistical Bulletins have always met the pre-announced publication dates.
18
For more details on related releases, the UK National Statistics Publication Hub is available
online and provides 12 months’ advance notice of release dates. In the unlikely event of a change
to the pre-announced release schedule, public attention will be drawn to the change and the
reasons for the change will be explained fully at the same time, as set out in the Code of Practice
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for Official Statistics .
How the output is created
ONS produces a comprehensive set of National Accounts of which the main components are:
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quarterly and annual GDP estimates;
quarterly and annual sector and financial accounts; and
financial and non-financial balance sheets.
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Trade statistics , Balance of Payments , Public Sector accounts and other short-term indicators
of economic activity are all integrated within the system of National Accounts.
It is important to stress that the National Accounts are estimates of an underlying reality, based on
statistical surveys, forecasts and models; they are not compiled through ‘accounting’ in the common
sense of the word.
GDP estimates use three approaches, which are theoretically equal:
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output (or production);
expenditure; and
income.
The output approach is based upon the following data sources which feed into the Index of
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25
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Production , Index of Services , Output in the Construction Industry , Retail Sales Index and, as
a result, the output approach to GDP:
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data from ONS surveys including the Monthly Business Survey and Construction Output
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Survey ;
short run forecasts and models where data have not yet been collected or are not yet available
other ONS outputs; and
administrative data.
The estimates are then deflated by a variety of sources including lower level components of the
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30
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Consumer Prices Index , Producer Price Index and Services Producer Price Index .
The expenditure approach is based upon the following data sources which feed into Consumer
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Trends , Business Investment , UK Trade , Public Sector Finances and, as a result, the
expenditure approach to GDP:
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data from ONS surveys including the Living Costs and Food Survey , Quarterly Capital
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Expenditure Inquiry , Quarterly Stocks Survey , International Trade in Services Survey and
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Construction Output Survey ;
short run forecasts and models where data has not yet been collected or is not yet available;
other ONS outputs; and
administrative data;
The estimates are then deflated by a variety of sources including lower level components of the
29
30
31
Consumer Prices Index , Producer Price Index , Services Producer Price Index .
The income approach is based upon the following data:

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data from ONS surveys including the Quarterly Operating Profits Survey , Quarterly Capital
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Expenditure Inquiry , Average Weekly Earnings , General Insurance Survey , Long-term
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Insurance Survey , Investment Trusts Survey and Securities Dealers Survey ;
3
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short run forecasts and models where data has not yet been collected or is not yet available;
other ONS outputs; and
administrative data.
There are different methods to annual and quarterly estimation with subsequent integration. Two
key principles drive GDP estimation in the UK:
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Principle 1 - The level of GDP is best estimated using a supply and use framework . This
breaks the economy down to display transactions of all goods and services between industries
and final consumers in the UK, enabling GDP to be based on a fully consistent set of
components; and
Principle 2 - Short-term growth is best estimated using the production approach to GDP and the
other two approaches are brought in line with the production approach through careful analysis
of the coherence of the three approaches.
Production stages
The main stages of the GDP production process are outlined below.
M1 Preliminary estimate
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This is based on information on output (production) only and is published around 25 days after the
end of the quarter.
This preliminary estimate is based on 44% ‘actual’ data. The rest is based on projections using a
variety of modelling techniques. Data are defined as ‘actual’ when they are based on sufficient
survey response to produce robust estimates. The percentage of ‘actual’ data is calculated by
weighting the data content of each component according to its GVA weight. The data content of the
preliminary estimate varies by industry.
M2 Second estimate of GDP
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The second estimate is published around 55 days after the end of the quarter.
In this release, ONS improves on the preliminary estimate by including more complete output data,
as well as providing early information on GDP measured by the expenditure and income
approaches. At this point the output approach to GDP is based upon 83% of ‘actual’ data. The
output approach is thought to be the best indicator of growth in the short term. However, at this
point, any conflicting information from the expenditure or income sides would be used to inform the
average estimate of GDP.
M3 UK Quarterly National Accounts
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The third estimate is published 85 days after the end of the quarter.
In this release the ONS produces a full set of quarterly economic accounts, updating and expanding
the information made available in the earlier estimate as well as updating estimates for earlier
quarters in the current year and normally the previous year. Fuller survey data for components of
each of the expenditure, output and income approaches are available. At this point the output
approach to GDP is based upon 92% of ‘actual’ data. This is still taken to be the best estimate of
short term growth, although again, the other approaches are used to inform the average measure of
GDP, as well as to construct the sector and financial accounts.
Annual Blue Book
1
1
Annual estimates are published in the Blue Book , usually in July or October.
The quarterly data are updated again during the production of the first and second estimates of
annual GDP, as data from new and more comprehensive annual data sources become available.
1
The second time an annual estimate is published in the Blue Book , supply and use balancing is
applied to the estimate for the first time. The supply and use balancing is re-run in subsequent Blue
Books using further benchmark data.
1
Methodological improvements may also be made during the publication of the Blue Book . Impact of
4
changes in the National Accounts and economic commentary for 2013 quarter 1 describes the
1
changes introduced at Blue Book 2013 .
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Balancing process
The three measures become coherent in the long term through the use of a supply and use
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framework . This enables differences between the estimates of supply and use of specific products
to be investigated, and the accounts adjusted to ensure a balance.
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The balancing chapter of the Gross National Income Inventory of Methods (GNI) provides further
detail on the balancing process.
In the short run, there are not enough data available to produce a full supply and use balancing
table. The first step in increasing the coherence of the raw data received is adjustment for quality by
National Accounts experts following comprehensive analysis and investigation of possible
incoherencies.
Estimates of quarterly growth from the expenditure and income sides are brought into line with the
estimate measured from the output side using an alignment adjustment. The output approach is
taken to be the best estimate of growth in the short term. The alignment adjustment is applied to the
component of the accounts that is conceptually the most difficult to measure and which has the
suspected lowest accuracy on a quarterly basis. It is applied to the series ‘changes in inventories’
(on the expenditure side) and ‘gross operating surplus of non-financial private corporations’ (on the
income side).
The size of these alignment adjustments is one measure of coherence of the accounts, and is
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13
published in the Quarterly National Accounts and the Second Estimate of GDP . These alignment
adjustments sum to zero annually as output is not thought to be the best estimate of annual growth
because unlike expenditure and income, output does not feed into the supply and use framework
which is used to balance GDP.
Further to the alignment adjustments a statistical discrepancy remains between the three
approaches until supply and use balancing is run and this is also published. This is the difference
between the sum of the expenditure components and average GDP - and similarly for income
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components. These are detailed in Table M of the Quarterly National Accounts and Second
13
Estimate of GDP statistical bulletins.
The residual error is the amount by which the expenditure-based approach to measuring GDP
exceeds the income-based estimate. It is also the sum of the statistical discrepancy (expenditure)
with sign reversed and the statistical discrepancy (income) with natural sign (Tables C and D of the
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Quarterly National Accounts Statistical Bulletin).
Deflation
Nominal GDP (GDP in current prices) gives the value of GDP at a specific point in time. Growth in
nominal GDP reflects the effects of inflation, as well as real GDP growth; it reflects changes in
value terms. Real GDP (GDP chained volume measures) excludes any inflationary issues and
reflects the changes in volume terms. Using chained volume measures makes use of more up-todate weights and is therefore more relevant. An article is available on the ONS website which
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shows The effects of annual chain linking on the output measure of GDP (2003) .
Seasonal adjustment
The headline estimates of quarterly GDP are seasonally adjusted (non-seasonally adjusted
versions are available). Seasonal adjustment is the process of removing the variations associated
with the time of year, or the arrangement of the calendar, from a time series.
GDP estimates, as for many time series, are difficult to analyse using raw data because seasonal
effects dominate short-term movements. Identifying and removing the seasonal component leaves
the trend and irregular components.
Further information
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ONS has produced the UK National Accounts – A Short Guide , available on the ONS website,
which gives further information on the content of the National Accounts covering uses, principles
and compilation.
5
Validation and quality assurance
Accuracy
(The degree of closeness between an estimate and the true value.)
There is no simple way of measuring the accuracy of GDP, that is, the extent to which the estimate
1
measures the underlying ‘true’ value of GDP in the UK for a particular period. Blue Book 2008 (pp
27-30) provides more information on this.
One dimension of measuring accuracy is reliability, which is measured using evidence from
analyses of revisions to assess the closeness of early estimates to subsequently estimated values.
The results of revisions analysis are regularly presented in the background notes of GDP Statistical
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46
Bulletins and revisions spreadsheets containing the data behind this.
The chart below presents the mean revision by stage of the GDP compilation process, using 10
years’ worth of data. A statistical test has been applied to the average revision to find out if it is
statistically significantly different from zero. The result of the test is that the average revision is not
statistically significantly different from zero.
Mean revisions (percentage points) by stage of GDP growth
Revisions from first published to 2011 Blue Book over period 1999Q42008Q4
Revisions between M1 and M3
0.003
Revisions between M3 and BB1
Revisions between BB1 and BB2
0.033
-0.035
Revisions after BB2
0.09
Total revisions
0.085
BB1 - Blue Book one -the first time the estimate appears in the Blue Book, after new and more comprehensive annual data
sources have become available
BB2 - Blue Book two - the stage at which Supply and Use balancing is applied to the estimate for the first time
It is important to note that there are other aspects to accuracy, which revisions analysis cannot
attempt to measure. A value can be reliable (as in not revised) without being accurate. Broader
ways of examining accuracy are presented in a number of articles.
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Accuracy Assessment of National Accounts Statistics (2002) describes how basic ‘raw’ data are
transformed by a series of adjustments to give the statistical estimates that are used to compile the
National Accounts.
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Early estimates of GDP: information content and forecasting methods (2005) analyses the amount
of data available at different stages of the publication process for GDP (O). In summary:
• Preliminary estimate is based on 44% data;
• M2 estimate is based on 83% data; and
• M3 estimate is based on 92% data.
More detail is available in ‘How the output is created’ within this report.
Accuracy of the short-term estimates of GDP growth can be affected by response rates to key
surveys. If a lower response rate than normal is received then there is a decrease in the information
base of the estimate in the short term, and this may possibly lead to an increased chance of
revisions in subsequent estimates of GDP.
6
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Monitoring the Quality of the National Accounts (2008) looks at ways of assessing accuracy, amid
a wider discussion of quality in the current climate.
ONS is continually working on methodological changes to improve the accuracy of the National
1
Accounts. For example, deflation improvements were introduced in the 2011 Blue Book . The first
improvement was the harmonisation of the deflators used across the accounts. The second was
the replacement of Retail Price Index (RPI) series with Consumer Price Index (CPI) series in
forming the deflators. For more information see Deflation improvements in the UK National
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Accounts (2011) available on the ONS website. Blue Book 2014 will see the introduction of the
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European System of Accounts 2010 (ESA 2010) and a series of articles are being published
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explaining the Changes to National Accounts .
Coherence and comparability
(Coherence is the degree to which data that are derived from different sources or methods, but
refer to the same topic, are similar. Comparability is the degree to which data can be compared
over time and domain for example, geographic level.)
10
9
Since international standards such as SNA 93 and ESA 95 are used in the production of the
National Accounts, the figures should be directly comparable with the accounts of other countries.
However the revisions policies of these countries should be examined before comparing data for
back periods.
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Data in the GDP Statistical Bulletins are consistent with the following ONS outputs:
23
• Index of Production ;
24
• Index of Services ;
34
• Business Investment ;
33
• Consumer Trends ;
25
• Output in the Construction Industry ; and
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• Trade in Goods (part of the UK Trade release) .
The only inconsistencies occur when more timely monthly releases introduce revisions in advance
of their incorporation into the later quarterly publications. For example, data are not always
20
consistent with Trade in Goods as the UK Trade release contains more up-to-date quarterly data.
Inconsistencies with the Public Sector Accounts releases are also possible due to the different
revisions policies being applied to these releases.
When annual data first become available (in the February M2 release) they contain revisions to
previous quarter data. This introduces inconsistencies between the latest Second Estimate of
13
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GDP data and Sector and Financial Accounts data published in the earlier Quarterly National
14
Accounts M3 release.
Another important aspect is the coherence between the three different approaches to the
measurement of GDP which are theoretically equal. However, since they are measured
independently, statistical and measurement errors will mean that this is not the case. Further
explanation is provided within the ‘Balancing process’ section of this document. These issues also
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formed a major part of the article Monitoring the Quality of the National Accounts (2008) .
Every effort is made to ensure that the series is comparable over time, and a comparable time
series is available back to 1948 for annual estimates (1955 for quarterly estimates). Where
possible, changes to methodology are applied to the whole series to ensure this comparability is
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maintained. However, the National Accounts revision statement may mean that this is not
possible.
Concepts and definitions
(Concepts and definitions describe the legislation governing the output and a description of the
classifications used in the output.)
9
GDP estimates are produced in line with international standards, most notably ESA 95 which is
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enforced for all European Union Member States through EU council regulation (EC) No 2223/96 .
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10
ESA 95 is in turn consistent with the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA93) .
10
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9
The SNA 93 has recently been updated as SNA 2008 and in turn the ESA 95 is being revised
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and will form ESA 2010 , which will subsequently be implemented in the UK national accounts, as
7
well as those of all other EU member states. Further information on the introduction of ESA 2010
is available on the ONS website.
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57
GDP estimates are compiled using UK Standard Industrial Classification 2007 (SIC 2007) , used
1
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for the first time at Blue Book 2011 , replacing the previously used SIC 2003 . The introduction of
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SIC 2007 for GDP estimates was in keeping with EU regulations and adapted the classifications
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to changes in the structure of the economy. Key changes in SIC 2007 include a number of new
sections giving more service sector detail while the detail in manufacturing is significantly reduced,
reflecting the move towards more services-based economies over the past 20 years. For further
information on the introduction of SIC 2007 see Hughes et al (2009). ‘Implementation of Standard
Industrial Classification 2007: December 2009 update’, Economic and Labour Market Review,
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December 2009, Volume 3, No 12 .
Other information
Output quality trade-offs
(Trade-offs are the extent to which different dimensions of quality are balanced against each other.)
There is a trade off between accuracy and timeliness. Provisional outputs are timely, but less firmly
based.
Estimates may be revised during intermediate stages. These are explained under the section ‘How
the output is created’.
Assessment of user needs and perceptions
(The processes for finding out about users and uses, and their views on the statistical products.)
In 2011 ONS conducted User Engagement Surveys for both the second and third estimates of GDP.
In accordance with Code of Practice for Official Statistics requirements, the objectives of the user
engagement surveys were to investigate:
•
•
•
•
who the users of the statistical product were;
what were the statistics used for, including the decisions they informed;
users’ perceptions of the quality of the statistics, statistical presentation, and statistical commentary; and
users’ perceptions of the statistical service in relation to this particular statistical product.
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The results of the User Engagement survey for the second estimate of GDP are available on the ONS website.
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Also available are the results of the User Engagement Survey for the Quarterly National Accounts .
It is planned to run the user engagement surveys every one to two years.
Sources for further information or advice
Accessibility and clarity
(Accessibility is the ease with which users are able to access the data, also reflecting the format in
which the data are available and the availability of supporting information. Clarity refers to the
quality and sufficiency of the release details, illustrations and accompanying advice.)
ONS's recommended format for accessible content is a combination of HTML webpages for
narrative, charts and graphs, with data being provided in usable formats such as CSV and Excel.
The ONS website also offers users the option to download the narrative in PDF format. In some
instances other software may be used, or may be available on request. Available formats for
content published on the ONS website but not produced by the ONS, or referenced on the ONS
website but stored elsewhere, may vary. For further information please refer to the contact details
at the beginning of this document.
For information regarding conditions of access to data, please refer to the links below:
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Terms and conditions (for data on the website) ;
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Copyright and reuse of published data ;
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Pre-release access (including conditions of access) ;
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Accessibility .
In addition to this Quality and Methodology Information, Basic Quality Information relevant to each
45
release is available in the background notes of the GDP Statistical Bulletins .
8
Advance notice of any forthcoming major changes in methodology for the GDP estimates will be
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given on the ONS website at National Accounts methodology and articles .
Useful links
Guide to Gross Domestic Product: Measuring the UK's economic activity
3
UK National Accounts - A short guide
2
References
Title of Reference
Website Location
1
Blue Book publication
2
Guide to National
Accounts Framework
3
UK National Accounts - A
short guide
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/methodquality/specific/economy/national-accounts/articles/2011present/uk-national-accounts---a-short-guide--2014.pdf
4
Impact of changes in the
National Accounts and
economic commentary
for 2013 quarter 1
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/methodquality/specific/economy/national-accounts/articles/2011present/impact-of-changes-in-the-national-accounts-and-economiccommentary-for-2013-quarter-1/impact-of-changes-in-NA.pdf
5
Guidelines for Measuring
Statistical Quality
HM Treasury
Bank of England
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/methodquality/quality/guidelines-for-measuring-statistical-quality/index.html
http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/
http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/Pages/home.aspx
Office for Budget
Responsibility
European System of
Accounts 1995 (ESA 95)
United Nations System of
National Accounts 1993
(SNA 93)
Gross National Income
Inventory of Methods
(GNI) (ESA95)
http://budgetresponsibility.independent.gov.uk/
GDP Preliminary
estimate
Second estimate of GDP
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/gva/gross-domestic-product-preliminary-estimate/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/naa2/second-estimate-ofgdp/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/naa2/quarterly-nationalaccounts/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-accounts/regional-grossvalue-added--income-approach-/index.html
http://dsbb.imf.org/Pages/SDDS/DQAFBase.aspx?ctycode=GBR&c
atcode=NAG00
http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Quarterly National
Accounts
Regional Gross Value
Added
Special Data
Dissemination Standards
International Monetary
Fund (IMF)
UK National Statistics
Publication Hub
Code of Practice for
Official Statistics
UK Trade
Balance of Payments
Public Sector accounts
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/naa1-rd/united-kingdom-nationalaccounts/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/methodquality/specific/economy/national-accounts/guide-to-nationalaccounts-framework/index.html
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-RA-09010/EN/KS-RA-09-010-EN.PDF
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/sna1993.asp
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/methodquality/specific/economy/national-accounts/publications/2010--present/gross-national-income--gni--inventory/index.html
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/index.html
http://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/assessment/code-ofpractice/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/uktrade/uk-trade/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/bop/balance-of-payments/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/psa/public-sector-finances--supplementary-table/index.html
9
23
24
25
26
27
Index of Production
Index of Services
Output in the
Construction Industry
Retail Sales Index
Monthly Business Survey
28
Construction Output
Survey
29
Consumer Prices Index
30
31
32
Producer Price Index
Services Producer Price
Index
Consumer Trends
33
Business Investment
34
Living Costs and Food
Survey
35
Quarterly Capital
Expenditure inquiry
36
Quarterly Stocks Survey
37
International Trade in
Services Survey
Quarterly Operating
Profits Survey
38
39
40
41
Average Weekly
Earnings
General Insurance
Survey and Long term
Insurance Survey
Investment Trusts
Survey
42
Securities Dealers
Survey
43
45
Supply and use
framework
The effects of annual
chain linking on the
output measure of GDP
GDP Statistical Bulletins
46
GDP revisions triangles
47
Accuracy Assessment of
National Accounts
Statistics
Early estimates of GDP:
Information content and
forecasting methods
44
48
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/iop/index-of-production/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ios/index-of-services/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/construction/output-in-theconstruction-industry/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/rsi/retail-sales/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guidemethod/surveys/respondents/business/a-z-of-businesssurveys/monthly-business-survey--production-and-services/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guidemethod/surveys/respondents/business/a-z-of-businesssurveys/monthly-business-survey--for-construction-and-alliedtrades-/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/cpi/consumer-priceindices/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ppi2/producer-price-index/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ppi2/services-producer-priceindices/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/allreleases.html?definition=tcm%3A77-23619
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/bus-invest/businessinvestment/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guidemethod/surveys/respondents/household/living-costs-and-foodsurvey/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guidemethod/surveys/respondents/business/a-z-of-businesssurveys/quarterly-survey-of-capital-expenditure/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/get-involved/taking-part-in-asurvey/information-for-businesses/a-to-z-of-businesssurveys/quarterly-stocks-survey/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/itis/international-trade-inservices/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/get-involved/taking-part-in-asurvey/information-for-businesses/a-to-z-of-businesssurveys/quarterly-operating-profits-survey--qops-/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/taxonomy/index.html?nscl=Weekly+Ear
nings
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guidemethod/surveys/respondents/business/a-z-of-businesssurveys/quarterly-survey-of-insurance-companies/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guidemethod/surveys/respondents/business/a-z-of-businesssurveys/investment-trusts-quarterly-return-oftransactions/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/get-involved/taking-part-in-asurvey/information-for-businesses/a-to-z-of-businesssurveys/quarterly-securities-dealers-survey/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/methodquality/specific/economy/input-output/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/elmr/economic-trends--discontinued/no--575--october-2001/the-effects-of-annual-chain-linking-on-theoutput-measure-of-gdp.pdf
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/taxonomy/index.html?nscl=Main+Aggre
gates+of+National+Accounts
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/methodquality/specific/economy/national-accounts/gdp-revisions-trianglesand-real-time-database/index.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/elmr/economic-trends--discontinued/no--589--november-2002/accuracy-assessment-of-nationalaccounts-statistics.pdf
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/elmr/economic-trends--discontinued/no--617--april-2005/early-estimates-of-gdp--information-contentand-forecasting-methods.pdf
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Monitoring the Quality of
the National Accounts
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Deflation improvements
in the UK National
Accounts
European System of
Accounts 2010
Latest developments in
National Accounts for
Blue Book 2014
National Accounts
Revisions Statement
Sector and Financial
Accounts
EU council regulation
(EC) No 2223/96
United Nations System of
National Accounts 2008
(SNA 2008)
Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC )2007
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Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC )2003
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Implementation of
Standard Industrial
Classification
2007:December 2009
update
User Engagement survey
for the second estimate
of GDP
Results of the 2011 user
feedback survey for
quarterly national
accounts Q1 2011
Terms and conditions
(for data on the website)
Copyright and reuse of
published data
Pre-release access
(including conditions of
access)
Accessibility
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National Accounts
methodology and articles
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/elmr/economic-and-labour-marketreview/no--3--march-2008/monitoring-the-quality-of-the-nationalaccounts.pdf
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/methodquality/specific/economy/national-accounts/articles/deflationimprovements-in-the-uk-national-accounts.pdf
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/esa_2010/introd
uction
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/naa1-rd/national-accountsarticles/changes-to-national-accounts/sty-national-accountchanges.html
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/revisions/revisionspolicies-by-theme/economy/national-accounts-revisions-policy.pdf
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/naa1-rd/united-kingdom-economicaccounts/index.html
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/budget/l34005_en.htm
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/sna2008.asp
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/classifications/currentstandard-classifications/standard-industrial-classification/sic2007--explanatory-notes.pdf
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/classifications/archivedstandard-classifications/uk-standard-industrial-classification-1992-sic92-/uk-sic-2003.pdf
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/elmr/economic-and-labour-marketreview/no--12--december-2009/implementation-of-standardindustrial-classification-2007--december-2009-update.pdf
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/getinvolved/consultations/user-surveys/second-estimate-of-gdp---userengagement-survey.pdf
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/about-ons/getinvolved/consultations/user-surveys/results-of-the-2011-userfeedback-survey-for-quarterly-national-accounts-q1-2011.pdf
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