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Understanding Sociology 1 Module 3: Major Theoretical Perspectives Sociology in Modules Richard T. Schaefer 3rd edition Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Major Theoretical Perspectives • Functionalist perspective • Conflict perspective • Interactionist perspective Slide 2 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Functionalist Perspective • Emphasizes the way parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability – Talcott Parsons (1902–1979) • Viewed society as vast network of connected parts • Each helps maintain the system as a whole Slide 3 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Functionalist Perspective • Manifest and Latent Functions – Manifest functions: open, stated, conscious functions; intended and recognized consequences of an aspect of society – Latent functions: unconscious or unintended functions; may reflect hidden purposes • Dysfunctions – Elements or processes of society that may disrupt a social system or reduce its stability Slide 4 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Conflict Perspective • Assumes social behavior best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups • The Marxist View – Conflict is part of everyday life in all societies – Conflict theorists interested in how institutions may help maintain privileges of some groups and keep others subservient Slide 5 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Conflict Perspective • The Feminist Perspective – Feminist perspective: sees inequality in gender as central to all behavior and organization – Often allied with conflict theory – Proponents tend to focus on macro level – Contemporary feminist theorists often view women’s subordination as inherent in capitalist societies Slide 6 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Conflict Perspective • Queer Theory – Queer theory: the study of society from the perspective of a broad spectrum of sexual identities, including heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality – Foucault: what is regarded as normal or even acceptable human sexuality varies dramatically from by culture and time period – Important influence of gay, lesbian, and bisexual voters in 2012 presidential election Slide 7 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Interactionist Perspective • Generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction to explain society as a whole – Humans viewed as living in a world of meaningful objects – Nonverbal communication: includes gestures, facial expressions, and postures – Manipulation of symbols seen in dress codes Slide 8 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Interactionist Perspective • George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) – Regarded as founder of interactionist perspective – Work encouraged many sociologists to focus more on micro-level societal behavior • Erving Goffman (1922–1982) – Dramaturgical approach: people seen as theatrical performers Slide 9 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Sociological Approach • Gains broadest understanding of society by drawing on all major perspectives, noting where they overlap or diverge – Each perspective offers unique insights into the same issue • Researcher’s work always guided by his or her theoretical viewpoint Slide 10 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Table 3-1: Major Sociological Perspectives Slide 11 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Research Today 3-1: Looking at Sports from Five Sociological Perspectives – Have you experienced or witnessed discrimination in sports based on gender, race, or sexual identity? If so, how did you react? Has the representation of Blacks, women, or gays on teams been controversial on your campus? In what ways? – What of the five sociological perspectives seems most useful to you in analyzing sports? Why? Slide 12 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.