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Download Cardiovascular: The Heart
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Cardiovascular: The Heart Anatomy and Physiology Heart Anatomy mediastinum Coverings of the Heart pericardium fibrous pericardium serous pericardium parietal layer visceral layer (AKA epicardium) pericardial cavity Pericarditis - inflammation of the pericardium Layers of the Heart Wall superficial epicardium visceral layer of the serous pericardium middle myocardium made mostly of cardiac muscle and forms the bulk of the heart deep endocardium sheet of endothelium on a connective tissue layer lines the heart chambers and covers the connective tissue skeleton on the valves fibrous skeleton Chambers and Great Vessels 4 chambers 2 superior atria 2 inferior ventricles intraventricular septum atrioventricular groove (coronary sulcus) anterior interventricular sulcus posterior interventricular sulcus Atria auricle pectinate muscles fossa ovalis superior vena cava inferior vena cava pulmonary veins Ventricles trabeculae carneae papillary muscles Pulmonary arteries aorta Pathway of Blood through the Heart right side - pulmonary circuit Superior and inferior vena cava right atrium Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) right ventricle Right semilunar valve (pulmonary SL) Pulmonary arteries Lung capillaries Pathway of Blood through the Heart Left side – systemic circuit (stronger) Pulmonary veins left atrium Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid, mitral) left ventricle Left semilunar valve (aortic SL) Aorta arteries Capillaries veins Heart Valves Atrioventricular (AV) Valves atrio-ventricular junction right AV valve tricuspid valve has three flexible flaps left AV valve bicuspid or mitral valve has two flaps Heart Valves Semilunar (SL) Valves aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves valvular stenosis Coronary Circulation right and left coronary arteries atrioventricular groove cardiac veins coronary sinus Angina pectoris Myocardial Infarction Cardiac Muscle Striated and interconnected intercalated discs Desmosomes gap junctions Autorhythmicity Heart Physiology Intrinsic Conduction System non contractile cardiac cells autorhythmic cells autorhythmic cardiac cell locations sinoatrial (SA) node atrioventricular (AV) node atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bindle of His) right and left bundle branches ventricular walls as Purkinji fibers Sequence of Excitation sinoatrial (SA) node usually generates an impulse about 75 times a minute atrioventricular (AV) node depolarization goes through gap junctions in the atria to the AV node part of the interatrial septum just above the tricuspid valve Sequence of Excitation atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His) inferior part of interatrial septum right and left bundle branches go along interventricular septum towards the apex Purkinji fibers ventricular contraction starts at the apex and moves towards the atria Sequence of Excitation Arrhythmias irregular heartrates uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions Heartblock pacemaker Fibrillation rapid, out-of-phase, irregular contractions defective pacemaker (SA node) ectopic focus Extrinsic Innervation of the Heart autonomic nervous system sympathetic accelerates the rate and force of the beats parasympathetic slows the heart Electrocardiography electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) three deflection waves P wave is first and small depolarization of the SA node QRS wave is large ventricular polarization T wave ventricular repolarization Electrocardiography P-R (P-Q) interval from the beginning of atrial excitation to the beginning of ventricular excitation - about .16 s Q-T interval beginning of ventricular depolarization through repolarization - .36s enlarged R wave enlarged ventricles prolonged Q-T abnormal repolarization Cardiac Cycle Vocabulary systole – contraction diastole – relaxation Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle ventricular filling - mid-to-late diastole ventricular systole Isovalumetric relaxation - early diastole Heart Sounds lub-dup lub is closing of AV valves dup is closing of SL valves mitral before tricuspid - aortic SL before pulmonary Murmurs unusual or abnormal heart sounds incompetent valve stenotic valve Cardiac Output product of heart rate and stroke volume volume of blood being pumped out by a ventricle with each beat can easily be 5.25 liters a minute Homeostatic Imbalances Tachycardia Bradycardia Congestive Heart Failure
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