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G en e : An Evo lving C on c ep t
Known transcripts
Genes
Genome
H
N
N
H
N
H
N
N
N
N
Alfred Sturtevant
constructed the
first genetic map.
0.0
1.0
1961
The operon, described
by François Jacob and
Jacques Monod, demonstrated transcriptional
control.
lac Z
lac Y
lac A
A
Al
A
UC
C
G U
U
G
A
UCAG
G U
A
C
U
G
C
G
AG
A
GUCAG
UC A
C
UCAG
AG
A
U
C
G
1997
|
2001
|
Alternative promoters
The ENCODE Project highlighted
the complexity of gene transcription and regulation.
2007
|
Gene as annotated genomic entity
Gene as …
|
2003
Introns and the mechanism of
RNA splicing were discovered by
Phillip Sharp and Richard Roberts
demonstrating ‘split gene structure.’
The ENCODE
Project was
launched.
|
2007
The pilot phase of the ENCODE
Project was finished. New
gene models are proposed.
Gene
r
Ty
op
St
Cys
Sto p
Tr p
A genomic locus
Leu
Pr
o
Protein-coding transcripts
5’ UTR
ORF 3’ UTR
H
Alternative splicing
is
n
Ar g
Gl
Alfred Hershey Martha Chase
lac Operon
r
Se
s
Ly
n
As
C
UC
A
M
Terminator
U
AG
Operator
Promoter
sp
C
Va l
Arg
a
Gene as ORF sequence pattern
1977
The genetic code
was deciphered by
Marshall Nirenberg,
Har Gobind Khorana,
and others.
U
P
R
|
|
1965
u
Wilhelm Johannsen
57.6
Hershey and
Chase determined
that DNA is the
genetic material.
|
Gl
30.7
33.7
B
C O
|
1952
1994
The drafts of
the human
genome
sequence
were published.
r
The first appearance
of the word ‘gene,’
derived from the Greek
genesis or genos.
1928
Griffith’s experiment demonstrating typeswitching in
pneumococcus
suggested a
transforming
principle.
Gene as transcribed code
|
|
a computer
program for gene
structure prediction,
became available.
|
G ly
A term invented almost a century ago, ‘gene,’ with
its beguilingly simple orthography, has become a
central concept in biology. Given a specific meaning
at its coinage, this word has evolved into something
complex and elusive over the years, reflecting our
ever-expanding knowledge in genetics and in life sciences at large. The stunning discoveries made in the
encode Project—like many before that significantly enriched the meaning of this term—are harbingers of another tide of change in our understanding of what a gene is.
1913
|
Phe
1909
|
|
Gene as a physical molecule
Gene as a protein blueprint
Gene as a distinct locus
|
|
GENSCAN,
1972
Leu
ZHENGDONG D. ZHANG MMVII
|
|
1958
Unannotated transcripts
Se
Gene as a discrete heredity unit
|
1953
1944
AG
|
1941
1927
Ile
|
1910
UC
1900
G UCAG
|
1869
UCA
1865
The DNA
double helix
structure was
solved.
G
The laws of inheritance
were described.
Studies in Drosophila melanogaster suggest a linear model
of genes on chromosomes,
like ‘beads on a string.’
The first large-scale
gene function
analysis using gene
expression in yeast
The ‘Central Dogma’
of molecular biology
was proposed by
Francis Crick.
CA
Punnett Square
Artificial transmutation of the
gene by X-ray
was reported by
Hermann Müller.
U
yy
Yy
White or Purple Flowers
The nucleic acids
were isolated and
studied by Friedrich
Miescher.
Protein
r
Yy
The DNase experiment
by Avery, MacLeod,
and McCarty suggested
transformation is
induced by DNA.
Th
YY
Yy
The first sequence
of a gene,
COAT_BPMS2, was
determined.
James Watson
Met
X
Francis Crick
AG
F2 Generation
N
Thomas Morgan
UC
Green or Yellow pods
N
O
X
F1 Generation Yy
H
The rediscovery of
Mendel’s work by
Carl Correns, Erich
von TschermakSeysenegg, and
Hugo De Vries
prompted the foundation of genetics.
G UCAG
Green or
Yellow Seeds
CH3
O
N
yy
YY
N
H
mRNA
UCA
N
Parent
Generation
Axial or
Terminal
Flowers
N
N
Carpel
(female)
ncRNA
G
H
Smooth or
Dented Seeds
One gene,
one enzyme;
Then one gene,
one protein.
H
Stamen
(male)
CA
O
U
Gregor Mendel
H
O
N
mRNA
PO ST ER DESIG N, IL L UST RAT IO N, AND T EX T: Z HENGD ON G D . ZH A N G , YA L E U N I VE R S I TY. I M A G E C R E D I TS : TH E P OR TR A I TS OF G R E G OR M E N D E L A N D W I L H E L M J OH A N N SE N ARE U SE D BY C O U RTE SY O F WIKIP E DIA. THE P O RTRAIT O F THO M AS M O RGAN IS LIC E NSE D FRO M THE C O RBIS C O RP O RATIO N. THE P HO TO GRAP H O F FRANC IS C RIC K AND JAME S WATSO N IS
CO URT ESY O F T HE J AMES D. WAT SO N CO L L E C TI ON / COL D S P R I N G H A R B OR L A B OR ATOR Y A R CH I VE S . TH E P H OTOG R A P H OF A L F R E D H E R S H E Y A N D M A R TH A CHASE IS C O U RTE SY O F THE C O LD SP RING HARBO R LABO RATO RY ARC HIV E S. THE ILLU STRATIO N O F M E NDE L' S E X P E RIME NTS WITH THE P E A P LANT IS GE NE RO U SLY P RO V IDE D BY JANE WANG,
T HE SCIENCE CRE ATI VE QU A R TE R LY. TH E D R AW I N G S OF P R OTE I N M OL E C U L E S A R E COU R TE S Y OF I R VI N G G E I S . TH E I M A G E OF TH E B AC TE RIO P HAGE M S2 (P DB ID: 2 MS2 ) IS KINDLY P RO V IDE D BY DR. JE AN-Y V E S SGRO , INSTITU TE FO R MO LE C U LAR V IRO LO GY, U NIV E RSITY O F WISC O NSIN- MADISO N.
TH E D R AW I N G OF TH E D N A D OU B L E H E L I X S TR U C TU R E I S P R OVI D E D B Y TH E N ATI ON A L L I B R A R Y OF ME DIC INE . THE E NC O DE P RO JE C T LO GO IS U SE D WITH P E RMISSIO N FRO M THE NATIO NAL HU M AN GE NO M E RE SE ARC H INSTITU TE .
Novel transcripts