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Anthropology 2301 Introduction to Physical Anthropology Spring 2013 Why should I take this class? • You will learn about the four subdisciplines in anthropology and you’ll get a solid foundation in physical anthropology. What this class is: • The study of humans • The study of evolution (why do you look like your parents?) • The study of primates • And more!! What this class is not: A note on evolution • Evolution = a gradual change of an organism through time. • Evolution will be an important component to this class. • Biology cannot be studied without studying evolution. The Textbook • Essentials of Physical Anthropology, Ninth Edition, by Robert Jurmain, Lynn Kilgore and Wenda Trevathan. Grades • Grades for this class will be based on: – Exams (3): together, these exams will equal 60% of your grade. – Homework: 15% – Quizzes: 15% – Presentations: 5% – Class attendance and participation: 5% Class Participation and Attendance • Class participation and attendance is worth 5% of the final grade. • There will be a sign-in sheet at the beginning of each class. • Exams are heavily based on class lectures, so to do well on the exams, it is important to come to class. • Cell phones and other electronics may not be used in class, and texting etc during class will affect your class participation grade! • Academic honesty is extremely important and cheating of any kind WILL NOT be tolerated. Homework – There will be 2 homework assignments during the semester. – Please complete these assignments outside of class. – Homework will be due one week after it is assigned. Presentations • Small group presentations. • Worth 5% of your course grade. • On a topic of your own choosing (within anthropology). • To be further discussed later in the semester. Extra Credit • There will be opportunity for extra credit. • It can total up to 5 points on the final grade. • Please talk to me if you become interested in achieving extra credit. • Examples of extra credit: • • • • Write an extra article review paper. Zoo project. Lectures. Other. ANTHROPOLOGY Extra Credit Opportunity Thursday, January 17th, 2013, meeting of the Houston Archeological Society at 7:00 p.m. in Anderson Hall at St. Thomas University. • Craig Mayer: Paleo, Ancestral Puebloan, and historic sites in New Mexico, Utah and Colorado, including Chaco Canyon, Aztec, Inscription Rock, Chimney Rock. Reviewing and discussing the cultures that have inhabited and influenced the present day cultures of the region will be the focus of the presentation. • Craig Mayer works in the Texas wine industry, but started his career teaching anthropology / archaeology at SMU in the early 1970s. He holds a BA and MA in Anthropology from SMU and a Diploma in Archaeology (MA equivalent) from Durham University (England). • For a campus map, go to www.stthom.edu and look for the Interactive Map, Building 20, Anderson Hall. Street parking is available as well as paid parking ($2) in Moran Center Garage at the corner of West Alabama and Graustark. For more information about this program, contact [email protected]. Key terms and some science review • Facts: What we know to be true. • Hypothesis: an educated guess to explain facts. • Theories: a set of hypotheses that have tested repeatedly and have not been rejected. In science, “theory” is a positive term. • Data: Facts from which conclusions can be drawn ANTHROPOLOGY • Anthropology is the study of human evolution and variation. • The Four Field Approach to anthropology: cultural, linguistics, archaeology, and physical. What is Anthropology? The Four Field Approach to Anthropology: Cultural Anthropology 1. The study of variation between and within cultures. 2. Studies the evolution and patterns within cultures. What is Anthropology? • Culture: – Strategies humans use to adapt to their environment: • Technologies, subsistence patterns, housing types, clothing, religion, marriage and family, values, gender roles What is Anthropology? • Cultural Anthropologists Franz Boas Margaret Mead – Academia – NGOs – Human Rights (Activist anthropology) – Medical anthropology – Public Relations – Museum Work What is Anthropology? The Four Field Approach to Anthropology: Linguistics 1. The study of language and the role language plays within a culture. 2. We can determine where languages split and the evolution of that language as well as the relationship it has to other languages. 3. Identity, social behavior What is Anthropology? The Four Field approach to Anthropology: Archaeology 1. The study of past cultures. 2. The study of the variation and evolution of cultures over time. 3. The study of material remains of a culture (architecture, tools, bones, etc). Tikal What is Anthropology? • Archaeologists: – Academia – Cultural Resource Management (CRM) – Museum Work Howard Carter What is Physical Anthropology? 1. The variation and evolution of human and non-human primate biology. 2. Physical anthropology is also known as biological anthropology and bioanthropology. What is Physical Anthropology? • Paleoanthropology: The study of the evolution of primates (including humans). • Primatology: The study of living primates. • Osteology: The study of bones. • Human growth and development. What is Physical Anthropology? • Physical Anthropologists: – – – – – – – Academics Forensics Osteologists Bioarchaeologists Primatologists Paleoanthropologists Paleopathologists Human Evolution and Genetics • How humans evolve. • Why evolution happens. • How genetics fit into the evolutionary process. Primates Osteology • The study of bones, both human and non-human. • Paleoanthropology: studies the human fossil record. • Forensic anthropology: osteology as it applies to legal matters. • Health: diet, pathologies, wear on the bone. • The individual: age, sex, etc. • Diet and overall health of a population. How do the three other fields of anthropology relate to physical anthropology? • Culture: What types of culture do modern primates and early hominids exhibit? • Linguistics: Did early hominds have a spoken language? How do cultures across the globe develop language? How do the three other fields of anthropology relate to physical anthropology? • Archaeology: Did the cultures of early hominids change over time? Osteology. Questions for the class • How can we use anthropology to better understand the world? • What are some career paths (which were not listed already in class) that an anthropologist might take? • This is a physical anthropology class, so we wont be going into the other fields of anthropology very much. What are some questions you might have about cultural anthropology? Linguistics? Archaeology? Evolution & Evolutionary Theory Evolution • A change in the genetic structure of a population. • The term is also often used to refer to the appearance of new species. • Individuals don’t evolve, populations do. • There is no directionality in evolution, no implied “improvement.” Evolutionary Theory • Charles Darwin (18091882). • Darwin developed natural selection as a way to explain how organisms develop over time. Evolution before Darwin • The Scientific Revolution: – Came with the discovery of the New World, – introduced new ideas and challenging fundamental views about the planet. – Exposure to new plants and animals increased awareness of biological diversity. • John Ray (1627-1705): – Coined the term “Species” in reference to reproductively isolated organisms. Evolution before Darwin • Carolus Linnaeus: (1707-1778) Swedish naturalist, created the first classification of all living creatures. – – – – Taxonomy Kingdom Species Genus • Taxonomy: describing and classifying organisms. – Linnaeus used traits to group organisms. Example: Mammals: all breath oxygen, have hair and mammary glands, and three middle ear bones. • Species: a group of populations who can naturally interbreed and produce fertile offspring. • Genus: Groups of species which have similar adaptations. • Charles Lyell: (1797-1875) – Scottish Geologist – Proved through geological evidence that the earth was much older than previously thought. – Great influence on Charles Darwin, because his work also suggested that small biological processes could build up over time and produce considerable change. • James Hutton: (17261797) Uniformitarianism: geological processes which exist today, also were present in the past. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: (17441829) The environment has affect on the future shape and organization of organisms. Species change influenced by environmental change Coined the term “Biology” to refer to the study of living organisms Charles Darwin • 1809-1882 • Interested in geology and biology since he was a child. • Planned on entering the ministry after college, but instead he embarked on a scientific survey ship, the HMS Beagle, as a naturalist. • A five year (1831-1836) around the world trip to collect plant and animal specimens, specifically in South America and the Galapagos Islands. Voyage of the HMS Beagle • Of special interest to Darwin were the finches on the islands. • Each species of finch was specialized to exploit a specific environment and type of food. • Darwin returned to London and developed two postulates of adaptation: – Observation 1: Organisms generally have more offspring than can survive to adulthood. – Observation 2: Offspring are not identical. There is variation in their appearance, size, and other characteristics. – Inference: Those organisms that are better adapted to their environment have a greater likelihood of surviving to adulthood and passing on their genes. – This is known as adaptation through natural selection. – “Survival of the fittest” Darwin and Natural Selection • Natural Selection: a mechanism for evolutionary change which favors the survival and reproduction of some organisms over others due to biological traits. • Animal and plant breeders practice controlled breeding, natural selection basically uses the same principle. Natural Selection Darwin and Natural Selection • Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, in 1859. • Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), an English naturalist, came up with a very similar idea, and this was a major contributing motivator for Darwin to publish Origin of the Species after almost 23 years since sailing on the Beagle. Evolutionary Theory Today • Today, Evolutionary Theory incorporates the work of Charles Darwin, as well as mathematics, genetics, archaeology, zoology and many other fields.