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Type of Stormdefinition Tornado Rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud that reaches down from a storm cloud to touch Earth’s surface Causes Fun Facts Effects Safety Ward, humid air mass that moves north collides with cold, dry air moving south somewhere in the Great Plains is common. Cold air pushes underneath the warm air causing it to rise creating a line that can produce 10 or more tornadoes called a squall line. Negative effects are caused by damaging winds and flying debris. The low pressure from inside the tornado sucks us dust and debris. Can move or shatter objects. Can move objects up to 30 miles away. The basement of a well-built building will be the safest. Stay away from windows. Lie on the floor under something sturdy. If outside, move to a building or lie in a ditch. Hurricane A tropical storm that has winds of 119+ Km/hr. Begins over warm water as a lowpressure area, or tropical disturbance. (The tropical disturbance could grow to a storm, then hurricane.) The energy of a hurricane is from the warm, humid air at the ocean’s surface. This forms clouds and more air is drawn to the surface. The winds spiral inward to this area of low pressure. Winds can approach 480 km/hr. Brief but deadly. Develop in low, heavy cumulonimbus clouds, same as thunderstorms. Spring or early summer is most likely to occur. Around 800 tornadoes a year in the US alone. Can level houses on one side of the street without touching the other side. Typical hurricane is 600 meters across. Most common between June and November. Form in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Most common in Atlantic. The center of a hurricane has the lowest air pressure and warmest temperatures. Winds can reach 320Km/hr. In the center. The center surrounds the eye of the storm. After the eye, the winds switch directions. Can last a week. It Bring much needed rainfall to these areas. Hurricanes also bring high waves, wind, rain, and flooding. It can damage and destroy trees, buildings, and power lines. The storm surge is the most dangerous. The water level of the ocean rise to six meters above normal sea level. This then sweeps across the coast along with the hurricane. This has been known to wash away beaches and destroy buildings. Hurricane watches warn citizens 36 hours in advance of a possible hurricane. People evacuate temporarily or are ready to evacuate. Hurricane warning tells citizens to leave the area quickly. If you must stay, move to the interior of a building away from windows. Thunderstorm Heavy rainstorms accompanied by thunder and lightning. Formed in large cumulonimbus clouds which are also known as thunderheads. Occurs when warm air is forced upward because of a cold front. Occurs also because of hot, humid afternoons in the spring and summertime. This is because the warm, humid air rises quickly, and as it rises, it cools forming thunderhead clouds. Winter Storm Snow fall with strong winds. Snow is the form of precipitation when humid air cools to 0°C or below. loses strength as it passes over land because it does not have the ocean air pressure anymore. Thunderstorms produce amazing upward and downward winds within the cloud. When a downward draft strikes the ground, it creates bursts of wind, wind shears. Lightning is a sudden spark which is a discharge of energy. These sudden sparks occur between clouds, in a cloud, or between the cloud and the ground. Thunder is caused by the lightning. The lightning can heat the air around it up to 30,000°C. This hot air expands explosively. Thunder is that sound of the hot air expanding. Strong winds can blow snow sideways or keep snow up off the ground and hold it there. Heavy rains, sometimes hail. Wind shears can cause a number of airplane accidents. Lightning could start forest fires, shock animals or people, which can cause burns, heart failure, or unconsciousness. Avoid touching metal. Lightning rods can take the energy from the lightning and transfer it safely into the ground. That is why people put lightning rods at the tallest point of their house or building. Seeking shelter under a tree is very dangerous because lightning could strike that tree. Find a low area and crawl to it, staying close to the ground. Do not go in the water during a lightning storm. Avoid touching this that can transfer electricity. Vehicles are safe, just avoid any metal parts. Roads are blocked, people are trapped in their homes, and emergency vehicles have difficulty with transportation. Crops can be damaged and Find shelter from the wind. Cover all parts of your body and stay dry. In a vehicle, the driver should only have the vehicle running if the exhaust pipe is clear of snow. water pipes could freeze. These cool conditions with strong wind can cool a person’s body temperature down rapidly. Information taken from (2002). Earth Science (Teacher's ed. , pp. 567-575). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.