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Stable isotope (none) Relative atomic mass Mole fraction Fermium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. It was first identified in December 1952 by American scientists from the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago, Illinois, the Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, and The University of California Laboratory in Berkeley, California in the debris of thermonuclear weapons (Figure 1). The element was named for Enrico Fermi, who built the first man-made nuclear reactor. 255 Fm was the first isotope identified. Fermium is the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements and is thus the heaviest element that can be synthesized in macroscopic quantities [640-642]. Fermium is of interest in particle physics research, but it has no commercial applications. 253 Fm was one of the decay products used to confirm synthesis of copernicium in a particle accelerator experiment [640-642]. Fig. 1: The first successful hydrogen bomb test (Ivy-Mike) in 1952 produced 255 Fm, which was the first fermium isotope detected. (Photo Source: National Nuclear Security Administration / Nevada Site Office) [643]. Glossary atomic number (Z) – The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. decay product – (daughter product), any nuclide produced by a specified radionuclide (parent) in a decay chain. [return] electron – elementary particle of matter with a negative electric charge and a rest mass of about 9.109 × 10–31 kg. element (chemical element) – a species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus. A pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus [703]. [return] neutron – an elementary particle with no net charge and a rest mass of about 1.675 × 10–27 kg, slightly more than that of the proton. All atoms contain neutrons in their nucleus except for protium (1H). [return] proton – an elementary particle having a rest mass of about 1.673 × 10–27 kg, slightly less than that of a neutron, and a positive electric charge equal and opposite to that of the electron. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is the atomic number. radionuclide – a nuclide that is radioactive [703]. References 640. B. L.-L. B. N. Laboratory. The Search for “Heavy” Elements. Berkeley Lab- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2014 Feb. 25. http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/08/0.html 641. Nobelprize.org. Enrico Fermi - Biographical. Nobel Media AB. 2014 Feb. 25. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/fermi-bio.html 642. L. A. N. Laboratory. Periodic Table of Elements: LANL- Fermium. Los Alamos National Laboratory. 2014 Feb. 25. http://periodic.lanl.gov/100.shtml 643. N. N. S. A. N. S. Office. IVY-52-05- Operation Ivy, Mike Shot, 10/31/52. National Nuclear Security Administration / Nevada Site Office. 2014 Feb. 25. http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/photos/photodetails.aspx?ID=750 703. I. U. o. P. a. A. Chemistry. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997).