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Era III Unit 8 WHI.8 Byzantine Empire (take notes in red) Voorhees Era III Study Guide Reading Activity Read each SOL strand 2. Highlight essential content 3. Be able to understand what they are asking you to know 4. Simplify… be able to say it in your own words… 1. The student will apply social science skills to understand the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Europe from about 300 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) by a) explaining the influence of geography on the establishment of Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and describing the Byzantine Empire in time and place; Mediterranean Sea Era III- Where are the primary civilizations in the world? Era III- Where is the primary trade route? The Mediterranean Sea connects Europe with Asia for trade Trade by water is the best way! Why? Zoom in… see Istanbul? Istanbul- formerly Constantinople! First strait= Dardanelles Second= Bosporous 2 1 Strait of Dardanelles Bosporus Strait= critical part of the world’s primary trade route! Constantinople= #1 city in the east!! Controlling world trade! First the Roman Empire controls the whole area Then the empire shifts to the east and Constantinople (Byzantine Empire) In the meantime, the Muslim empire is growing and taking over They will conquer Byzantine landsEventually even Constantinople will be conquered I Intro; first there was the Roman Empire East= Byzantine Empire Copy this graphic into your notes please: Western Roman Empire Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire Byzantine Empire (create a T-chart) The Roman Empire split: western half Western Roman Empire eastern half Byzantine Empire West Problem- the empire was too big! Issues- economic, military, moral, and political Barbarians attacking Capital moved east By 500 AD (CE), the Western Roman Empire is dead East Capital moved from Rome (bad for the west/ good for the east!) Byzantium is renamed Constantinople The Eastern Roman Empire lives on as the Byzantine Empire West Roman Catholic Pope Christmas Clergy= celibate Icons= ok Latin language Pope= control/ power East Eastern Orthodox Patriarch Easter Clergy can marry Icons= issues (banned at one point) Greek language Emperor= control/power Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire! The Byzantine Empire after the Roman Empire… there was the BYZANTINE EMPIRE Eastern Roman Empire= Byzantine Empire II Constantinople- 330 AD (CE) becomes capital of Roman Empire Constantine Constantine- 1st Roman emperor to convert to Christianity A. Constantine the Great Roman emperor (306-337) Converted to Christianity founded Constantinople during the Roman Empire Constantinople oldest surviving map of the city the Palace Constantinople B. Location of Constantinople 1. better protected a. farther away from barbarians b. easily fortified (military defense) 2. crossroads of trade Adrianus’ Gate Constantinople C. Role of Constantinople seat of the Byzantine Empire until Ottoman conquest preserved classical Greco-Roman culture (Greco-Roman= Greek and Roman) center of trade Greece culture to Roman Empire to Byzantine Empire 2 1 3 Now … it is time for a QUIZ! 1. In your notes- number 1-5 2. keep your eyes on your own paper 3. It will be: 2 places and 3 bodies of water Quiz yourselfmatch the geographical features: 5 3 1 2 Answer bank: 4 Mediterranean Sea Bosporus Strait Black Sea Rome, Italian Peninsula Greece, Balkan Peninsula See how you did: 5 3 1 2 4 Answers: 1. Rome, Italian Peninsula 2. Greece, Balkan Peninsula 3. Black Sea 4. Mediterranean Sea 5. Bosporus Strait Early Period BYZANTINE EMPIRE •Calabria in southern Italy was once the refuge of Byzantine monks The student will apply social science skills to understand the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Europe from about 300 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) by b) describing Justinian and his contributions, including the codification of Roman law, and the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and economy; III. Byzantine Emperor Justinian I Justinian 527- 565 A) Codification of Roman law Justinian I “Justice is the constant and perpetual wish to render to everyone his due.” Justinian B) Re-conquest of former Roman territories C) Expansion of trade breaking the monopoly on silk Justinian I sent two monks to China ◦ stole mulberry seeds and silkworm eggs ◦ hid them in their walking staffs ◦ brought them to Byzantium This ended the Chinese and Persian silk monopolies Silk Road 550 AD (CE) Theodora "purple makes a fine shroud" The Nika Riots: Unable to control the mob, Justinian and his officials prepared to flee Theodora spoke out against leaving the palace and underlined the significance of someone who died as a ruler instead of living as an exile or in hiding As a result, Justinian ordered his loyal troops led by two reliable officers, Belisarius and Mundus to attack the demonstrators in the hippodrome Historians agree that it was Theodora's courage and decisiveness that saved Justinian's reign Belisarius one of the great military geniuses of the ancient world defeated a Persian army which vastly outnumbered his own in the year 530 IV Byzantine Empire is prosperous from trade! Byzantine Empire experiences: Migrations Raids Invasions Occupation Germanic and Hunnic migrations and raids Sassanian Empire of Persia Lombards (Italy) Turkic Avar (Asia Minor) Islam- between 634 and 642 Arabs, inspired by a new religion, Islam, conquered Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia, and Egypt A. Constantinople weathered major Arab sieges in the 670s and 717-18 B. Byzantine Asia Minor survived almost annual Arab raids Greek fire first used by the Byzantine Empire during the Byzantine-Arab Wars Basil I 867-866 V. Byzantine achievements in art and architecture Inspiration provided by Christian religion and imperial power A. Inspired by Orthodox Christianity and strength of the emperor B. Examples= icons, mosaics, and the Hagia Sophia religion and imperial power ST. STEPHEN’S CROWN helmet-style crown gold and set with pearls and other gems detailed enamel work, called cloissonné Roman Christianity, evolved Icons mosaics Hagia Sophia Byzantine architecture Hagia Sophia The Bucoleon Palace today Hagia Irene Byzantine Culture Eastern Church Icons The Byzantine Empire Church of the Pammakaristos Virgin St. Irene Hagia Sophia Interior Hagia Sophia The student will apply social science skills to understand the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Europe from about 300 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) by d) explaining the disputes that led to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church; and Western churches Eastern churches Division between Western and Eastern Churches Division 1054 West Roman Catholic East Eastern Orthodox VI The Great Schism 1054 CE A. Eastern Church; Orthodox East v. West argument 1. 2. 3. Constantinople Greek language Does not acknowledge power of the pope division ◦ Authority of the Patriarch accepted in the East B. Western Church; Catholic West v. East argument 1. 2. 3. 4. Rome Left in the “wild west” Latin language Pope is all-powerful division ◦ Authority of the Pope accepted in the West Jesus appointing the first pope popes Pope John Paul II Pope John XXIII Pope Benedict XVI, formerly Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger division Practices such as celibacy accepted in the West The student will apply social science skills to understand the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Europe from about 300 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) by e) analyzing and explaining the influence of Byzantine culture on Eastern Europe. VII Byzantine Culture Spread: A. Trade routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea Russia Byzantine Culture B. Influenced Eastern Europe and Russia St. Basil’s Cathedral Byzantine Culture C. Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and much of Eastern Europe Byzantine Culture D. E. Adoption of Greek alphabet to the Slavic languages St. Cyril created the Cyrillic alphabet Cyrillic alphabet world distribution Latin languages= English, Spanish, etc. St. Basil’s Cathedral Russian Orthodox well-known landmark in Moscow commissioned by Russian tsar Ivan IV “Ivan the Terrible” Russian history notes are found on time line sheet Byzantine Culture to Russia… The Byzantine Empire influenced they converted all the Slavs early Russia: (Early Russians) to Christianity they took on the Greek alphabet and converted all the Bibles into a Slavic tongue – giving them a language Vladimir made the orthodox Christianity the religion of the Russians Russians adapted aspects of the Byzantine culture such as art, music, architecture (an example of this is Byzantine domes started to take on an onion shape which is typical in Russian churches) Kiev is situated on hilly terrain overlooking the Dnieper River in northern Ukraine. Since medieval times, Kiev has developed as an important commercial, religious, and cultural center. Kiev Arbat Street is a narrow 19th-century pedestrian avenue in Moscow, Russia. It has long been a meeting place for artists and writers Great Kremlin Palace Moscow’s Red Square at Night State Hermitage Museum (Catherine the Great’s Collection) Rostov Kremlin Monastery Town What religion? Christianity? YES- specifically… Eastern Orthodox Russian culture comes from where? Byzantine Empire Russian Imperial Summer Home Siberian Village of Khatanga Europe Mediterranean Sea Alaska RUSSIA SIBERIA Byzantine Culture moves to Russia! Decline and Fall BYZANTINE EMPIRE VII Byzantine Empire- Decline and Fall A. First Crusade 1096- 99 ◦ Islam occupies Jerusalem ◦ Emperor Alexius I, even though the big schism occurred, appealed to the pope for aid against the Turks ◦ Western Europe responded with the First Crusade ◦ At first this was good for the Byzantine Empire ◦ BUT… Italian merchant cities won special trading privileges in Byzantine territory and gained control of much of the empire's commerce and wealth political and military power waned B. Crusaders plunder Constantinople Byzantine resistance C. Ottoman Turks conquer remnants of Byzantine Empire Ottoman Turks conquered the Balkans D. Finally- Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople 1350 AD (CE) Mohammed II- “the Conqueror” E. OTTOMAN CONQUEST 1453 CE F. The Byzantine Empire is dead https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgc3F1XZTAw Medieval Times Western Roman Empire=> Medieval Europe Eastern Roman Empire=> Byzantine Empire Ready? Number 1- 10 in your notes TIME FOR A PRACTICE QUIZ! Which of the following does not reflect achievements of Emperor Justinian? A B C D Codification of laws Trade expansion Creation of Cyrillic alphabet Reuniting former Roman territories What language was used by the Byzantine Church? A B C D Latin Roman Greek Cyrillic The Byzantine Empire developed A B C D after the fall of Rome. after the fall of Greece. during the rise of Russia. during the rise of England. What civilization called itself the Third Rome? A B C D England Russia The Vatican France All of the following are characteristics of the Western Church except: A it was centered in Constantinople. B Latin was the dominant language. C the Church had tremendous political power. D emperors accepted the authority of the Pope. Which of the following represents the best description for the word patriarch from 300 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 100 A.D. (C.E.)? A The head of a Seljuk Mosque B A general opposed to influence of Islam on Christianity C The head of the Russian government D The head of the Byzantine Church Christianity in Western Europe can best be classified as A B C D Greek Orthodox. Russian Christian. Roman Catholic. Byzantine Christian. Which was not a disagreement over Christianity between Eastern and Western Europe? A B C D The authority of Pope Language Practice of celibacy The Bible as the basis of faith The faith adopted by Prince Vladimir of Russia was A B C D Christianity. Islam. Judaism. Buddhism. What did Byzantine monks create to help newly converted Russians? A B C D Inexpensive Bibles The Cyrillic alphabet Mosques Hymnals Okay… LET’S SEE HOW YOU DID! Which of the following does not reflect achievements of Emperor Justinian? A B C D Codification of laws Trade expansion Creation of Cyrillic alphabet Reuniting former Roman territories What language was used by the Byzantine Church? A B C D Latin Roman Greek Cyrillic The Byzantine Empire developed A B C D after the fall of Rome. after the fall of Greece. during the rise of Russia. during the rise of England. What civilization called itself the Third Rome? A B C D England Russia The Vatican France All of the following are characteristics of the Western Church except: A it was centered in Constantinople. B Latin was the dominant language. C the Church had tremendous political power. D emperors accepted the authority of the Pope. Which of the following represents the best description for the word patriarch from 300 B.C. (B.C.E.) to 100 A.D. (C.E.)? A The head of a Seljuk Mosque B A general opposed to influence of Islam on Christianity C The head of the Russian government D The head of the Byzantine Church Christianity in Western Europe can best be classified as A B C D Greek Orthodox. Russian Christian. Roman Catholic. Byzantine Christian. Which was not a disagreement over Christianity between Eastern and Western Europe? A B C D The authority of Pope Language Practice of celibacy The Bible as the basis of faith The faith adopted by Prince Vladimir of Russia was A B C D Christianity. Islam. Judaism. Buddhism. What did Byzantine monks create to help newly converted Russians? A B C D Inexpensive Bibles The Cyrillic alphabet Mosques Hymnals the end