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10/13/2013 Chromosomes, DNA, and Genes Date _______ DNA • Made up of nucleotides • Recipe for making proteins – Proteins are determined by the order of nitrogenous bases – Proteins are made up of amino acids…amino acids are coded for by sets of 3 DNA base pairs Chromosomes Organization of DNA • Includes… – DNA – Genes – Chromosomes • What are each of the above? What do they do? Genes • Specific location on a chromosome • Segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein • Proteins determine an organism’s characteristics • Each chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes Organization of DNA • Contained within the nucleus of a cell • One long thread of DNA that is tightly coiled • DNA Chromosome Wrapping 1 10/13/2013 DNA is the Code of Life • Every organism uses the exact same building blocks! • DNA contains the code for every protein an organism needs… • And every cell in an organism’s body contains a complete set of chromosomes “Most Chromosomes” award goes to… • Adder’s tongue fern at 1200 or 1260 chromosomes! (600 or 630 pairs) Chromosomes…the Details • In eukaryotic cells… – Sex chromosomes determine the sex of the organism—male or female. • There is only a SINGLE PAIR of sex chromosomes – Autosomal chromosomes, or autosomes, are all other chromosomes not involved in sex determination Trivia! • Do all organisms have the same amount of chromosomes? • What eukaryotic organisms do you think have more chromosomes? – Humans: 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) – Dogs: 78 chromosomes (39 pairs) – Potatoes: 48 chromosomes (24 pairs) And the least… • Jack jumper ant, with only 2 chromosomes! (1 pair) Where do chromosomes come from? • All cells EXCEPT sex cells contain one pair of EVERY chromosome – Each pair = 2 chromosomes with genes for the same types of proteins – One chromosome of each pair comes from mom, one from dad • This is how you inherit traits from your parents! 2 10/13/2013 Genes…not the kind you wear! • Every chromosome has hundreds to thousands of genes • Unique characteristics are the result of different proteins • There are many unique proteins that an organism has to make to live and survive – Closely related organisms may have genes that code for the same or similar proteins – Organisms that are not closely related share fewer genes than organisms more closely related Question for you: • Approximately how many genes do humans have? –20,000 Focus Questions 1. DNA is a recipe for _____________. 2. What is a gene? 3. How many genes does a chromosome hold? 4. Where are chromosomes stored in the cell? 5. How many chromosomes do humans have? 6. What organism has the most chromosomes? 7. What organism has the least chromosomes? 8. How many sex chromosomes do humans have? 9. How many genes do humans have? 10.What are the sex chromosomes for males? Females? 3