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Announcements: • Please turn cell phones off X Central Dogma: Molecular Gene2cs Take home points: An organism’s phenotype is dependent on its genotype The central dogma describes the flow of biological informa2on in a cell Structure of DNA & RNA impacts their func2on DNA & RNA are polymers 1 From Mendelian Genetics to Molecular Genetics Recall Genetic lessons from BIOL 180: Alleles are associated with phenotype Alleles (different forms of a gene) are inherited Chromosome theory of inheritance chromosomes are composed of genes alleles on different chromosomes assort independently Theory of natural selection heritable variation differential reproductive success 2 Brainstorm with your neighbor: What do we need to know to understand how genotype leads to phenotype at the molecular level? 3 From Mendelian Genetics to Molecular Genetics Next several weeks in BIOL 200 Molecular basis for inheritance Molecular basis for heritable variation Molecular basis for phenotype How are these processes - inheritance & gene expression regulated in cells in response to environmental conditions? through the cell cycle? through development? 4 Figure 15-4 Slide 1 Central Dogma Describes the Flow of Biological Information (a) Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. DNA (information storage) Figure 15-4 (a) Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. DNA (information storage) TRANSCRIPTION mRNA (information carrier) Slide 2 Figure 15-4 (a) Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. DNA (information storage) TRANSCRIPTION mRNA (information carrier) Proteins (melanocortin receptor) TRANSLATION Slide 3 Figure 15-4 (a) Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. DNA (information storage) GENOTYPE TRANSCRIPTION mRNA (information carrier) Proteins (melanocortin receptor) TRANSLATION Forest mouse PHENOTYPE Physical traits that are a product of the proteins produced. Mice with this DNA sequence have dark coats. Slide 4 DNA sequence = genotype (b) Differences in genotype may cause differences in phenotype. Beach mouse PHENOTYPE Physical traits that are a product of the proteins produced. Mice with this DNA sequence have light coats. How could a mouse with light coat color have evolved? Figure 15-4 (a) Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. (b) Differences in genotype may cause differences in phenotype. DNA (information storage) GENOTYPE TRANSCRIPTION TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION TRANSLATION mRNA (information carrier) Proteins (melanocortin receptor) Forest mouse Beach mouse PHENOTYPE Physical traits that are a product of the proteins produced. Mice with this DNA sequence in their melanocortin receptor gene have dark coats. Mice with this DNA sequence in their melanocortin receptor gene have light coats. Excep2ons to central dogma 1. 2. Where do the steps in the central dogma take place? Prokaryote Eukaryote 12 Overview of Next Lectures • • • • • • Structure & func2on: Nucleic Acids DNA replica2on – in class ac2vity DNA repair & muta2ons Transcrip2on Transla2on – in class ac2vity Structure & func2on: proteins 13 Figure 4.1 Structural features of nucleotides, nucleic acid monomers 14 Figure 4.1 Which are in RNA? Nucleic acid monomers: NTPs or dNTPs Which are in DNA? How will you remember which are pyrmidines and which are purines? R D “Stones were CUT to build a single Pyramid” (PYRIMIDINES) 15 Figure 3.4 From monomers (single building blocks) to polymers Monomer = nucleotide, amino acid, or sugar Mon ome r Polymer Monom er Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer Polymerization (bonding together of monomers) 16 Figure 3.5 Polymerization (build) Depolymerization (breakdown) 17 Figure 4.2 From nucleotide monomers to polymer POLYMERIZATION of nucleic acids = Formation of phosphodiester bonds Note how the ribose C3 and C5 are involved 18 Figure 4.3 RNA and DNA Have a Sugar Phosphate Backbone U How would you write the base sequence? ´ G A Is this DNA or RNA? C What 2 characteristics told you? 19 Figure 4.6 DNA strands are ANTIPARALLEL 20 How do we know the structure of DNA? Key discovery by Erwin Chargaff: number of purines = number of pyrimidines Model building by James Watson and Francis Crick (using Rosalind Franklin’s data) A short, clear paper that changed the world April 25, 1953 Watson, J.D. and Crick. F.H.C. A structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid Nature 171: 737-738. 21 Key differences between RNA & DNA structure DNA RNA What DNA Really Looks Like in Eukaryotic Cells 23 Genome Projects of some eukaryotic organisms 2002 S.cerevisiae budding yeast 2004 R. norvegicus Rat Rice Anopheles - mosquito M. Musculus Mouse 1996 C. elegans nematode 2004---> Multiple species fungi, Insects Other: Invertebrates Vertebrates Plants A. thaliana crucifer 1998 2001 H. Sapiens 2000 Nigeria D. melanogaster Fruit fly 2000 Japan Europe China Americas Central Dogma: Molecular Genetics You should be able to: Describe the flow of informa2on in a cell from DNA to protein Recognize excep2ons to the central dogma Compare and contrast the structure & func2on of RNA & DNA Predict how stable a double-‐stranded DNA molecule is based on its DNA sequence Explain the molecular rela2onship between genotype & phenotype Compare and contrast the cellular loca2ons of replica2on, transcrip2on and transla2on for prokaryotes and eukaryotes Predict the consequences of disrup2ng any step in the processing of DNA to protein VOCABULARY Nucleotide, phosphate group, hydroxyl group, hydrogen bond, nitrogenous bases, ribose vs deoxyribose, 5’ vs 3’ 25