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Behavioral Views of Learning Definition of Learning • • • • Permanent change Change in behavior or knowledge Learning is the result of experience Not the result of maturation or temporary conditions Contiguity Learning • Learning by simple associations: Pairing • Stimulus Response Pavlov: Classical Conditioning • Involuntary responses: Respondents Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Repeat pairing US with NS Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response More on Classical Conditioning • Generalization • Discrimination • Extinction Skinner: Operant Conditioning • Operants: Deliberate actions • Antecedents Behavior Consequences • Reinforcement strengthens behavior • Punishment weakens/suppresses behavior Types of Consequences • Something can be given or taken away • Good consequences: – Something desired given, something aversive taken away • Bad consequences – Something desired given, something aversive taken away Types of Reinforcement • Positive reinforcement – Strengthen behavior by presenting desired stimulus • Negative reinforcement – Strengthen behavior by removing aversive stimulus Types of Punishment • Presentation Punishment – Weakens behavior by presenting aversive stimulus • Removal Punishment – Weakens behavior by removing pleasant stimulus Reinforcement Schedules Types of Reinforcement Schedules Continuous Intermittent Fixed Interval Variable Ratio Ratio Interval Controlling Antecedents • Providing information about expected behaviors • Signaling when a behavior should be emitted • Cueing • Prompting Applied Behavior Analysis • Baseline behavior • Target behavior • Classroom application: 1 - Specify the desired behavior 2 - Plan a specific intervention 3 - Keep track of the results Interventions: Encouraging Positive Behavior • • • • Teacher attention Premack principle Shaping Positive practice Coping with Undesirable Behaviors • • • • • • Negative reinforcement Satiation Reprimands: soft & private Response cost Social isolation Punishment Behavioral Management • Group consequences • Token reinforcement • Contingency contracts
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