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Vocabulary (highlight in your notebook)
Cell
Structure
and Function
Ch. 7
I. Cells
Cell
A.  Cell Theory
1.  All living things are
composed of cells
2.  Cells are the basic
units of structure and
function in living things
3.  New cells are produced
from existing cells
Tissue
Organ
1.  cell
2.  cell theory
3.  nucleus
4.  eukaryote
5.  prokaryote
6.  organelle
7.  cytoplasm
8.  chromosome
9.  ribosome
10.  rough endoplasmic
reticulum
11.  smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
12.  Golgi apparatus
13.  lysosome
14.  vacuole
15.  mitochondria
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
chloroplast
cytoskeleton
vesicle
centriole
cell membrane
cell wall
lipid bilayer
diffusion
concentration
gradient
equilibrium
osmosis
isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic
facilitated diffusion
active transport
B.  All cells have:
1.  Cell membrane = thin, flexible barrier around cell
2.  Genetic material
3.  Cytoplasm = gel-like material inside cell
membrane
4.  Ribosomes = small organelles that read the
genetic code to create specific proteins
Organ System
Organism
DRAW
C.  Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
1.  Prokaryote = does not contain a nucleus,
smaller cell, only ribosomes
a.  Genetic material located in cytoplasm
2.  Eukaryote = contains a nucleus, larger cell
with organelles
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell
DRAW
Eukaryotic Cell
II. Eukaryotic Cell Structures
(Think of the cell as a school!)
A.  Cell Wall (green fence)
1.  Rigid outer layer provides protection
and shape for producers cells, usually
made of cellulose (large carbohydrate)
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Organelles
1
B.  Nucleus – (main office)
1.  Controls cell activities
2.  Holds genetic information
a.  Chromatin – DNA &
proteins, not visible within
the nucleus
b.  Chromosomes –
(administrators)
1)  condensed chromatin,
threadlike structures
containing the genetic
information
c.  Nucleolus
1)  Where production of
ribosomes begins
E.  Organelles – (buildings)
1.  Ribosomes – (teachers)
a.  site where proteins (students) are assembled
2.  Endoplasmic Reticulum –
a.  Rough E.R. – synthesizes proteins with the
ribosomes on the surface (classrooms)
b.  Smooth E.R. – modifies or detoxifies lipids
(MPR)
C.  Nuclear Envelope – (principal’s office)
1.  Double membrane layer around nucleus
2.  Pores allow material to move into and out of
nucleus
D.  Cytoskeleton – (campus walkways)
1.  Network of protein fibers that maintains the cell s
shape and helps in movement
a.  Microtubules – hollow tubes of protein
b.  Microfilaments – function in the movement and support of
the cell
3.  Vesicles – (hall pass/call slip)
any membrane-bound sac
inside a cell for storage,
transport, or digestion
a.  some types of vesicles
1)  Vacuoles - (cabinets)
a) 
A storage vesicle for water,
salts, proteins and
carbohydrates
b)  Plant cells usually have one
large vacuole
c)  Animal cells have multiple
small vacuoles
2)  Lysosomes – (janitors)
a) 
4.  Golgi Apparatus – (parking lot)
a.  proteins from rough E.R. move into
Golgi Apparatus where proteins are
sorted and packaged
Vesicles filled with enzymes
that break down molecules for
digestion or removing wastes
5.  Chloroplasts – (solar
panels on kiosk)
a.  Green, found in
photoautotrophs, use
energy from sun for
photosynthesis
6.  Mitochondria – (food
services)
a.  produce high energy
compounds that the cell
uses for growth,
development, and
movement
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Plant Cell (draw, pg. 175)
F. Cell Diagrams
Animal Cell (draw, pg. 175)
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached) Ribosome
(free)
Cell
Membrane
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Golgi
apparatus
Centrioles
G. Organelle DNA
1.  Chloroplasts and mitochondria
contain their own DNA
2.  Endosymbiotic theory
a.  mitochondria and chloroplasts are
descendants of prokaryotic
ancestors from relationships
between early cells
Nuclear
envelope
Cell wall
Nucleolus
Golgi
apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Prokaryotes
A.  Cell membrane
(boundary of
campus)
1.  Regulates what
enters and
leaves the cell
2.  Provides
protection and
support
3.  Phospholipid
bilayer
hydrophobic
lipid “tails”
hydrophilic
polar phosphate
“heads”
DRAW Fig. 7-12, pg 182
Eukaryotes
nucleus
organelles
cell membrane
cytoskeleton
contain DNA
~20X larger
cytoplasm
Ex: animal or plant
ribosomes
~20X Smaller
Ex: bacteria
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
irregular shape
III. Movement through Membranes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
H. Venn diagrams for cells (draw)
centrioles
b. 
Ribosome
(attached)
Cell
Membrane
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
a. 
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosome
(free)
Vacuole
cell membrane
nucleus
organelles
cytoskeleton
cell wall
chloroplasts
large vacuoles
boxy shape
B. Passive Transport
1.  General Terms
a.  Concentration
1)  mass of solute in a volume of solution, mass/volume
2)  Ex: 12g of salt in 3 L of water = ?
b.  Equilibrium = concentration of the solute is the
same throughout the solution
c.  Selectively permeable (semipermeable) membrane =
some substances can pass across membrane while
others cannot
2.  Diffusion = particles move from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration
a.  Depends on random particle movements
b.  With diffusion, substances move across a cell
membrane without the use of energy
3
3.  Osmosis = diffusion of water through a
selectively permeable membrane
4.  Facilitated Diffusion
a.  Cell membranes have transport
proteins to help some molecules
diffuse faster (driveways onto
campus)
b.  Allows large molecules, sugars,
and salts to cross various
membranes
c.  This is still diffusion, so it does not
require energy
Facilitated diffusion Link:
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP11103
DRAW - Transport Review
If
is H2O?
a.  Isotonic = two solutions have equal
concentrations
b.  Hypotonic = diluted solution (higher
water concentration, lower solute
concentration)
c.  Hypertonic = concentrated solution
(lower water concentration, higher
solute concentration)
d.  Osmotic pressure = force of water
flow on membranes of the cell
1)  Water will rush out of a cell in a
hypertonic solution
2)  Water will rush into a cell in a
hypotonic solution
3)  Answer: What will happen to cells
if too much water rushes out?
4)  Answer: If too much rush in?
Draw Fig. 7-16, pg 186
C.  Active Transport (personal escort)
1.  Cells need to move molecules in the
opposite direction of diffusion
a.  Movement against the concentration
gradient
2.  Requires energy
3.  carried out by transport proteins,
also called pumps
4.  Allows cells to concentrate
molecules in a particular location
Draw Fig. 7-19, pg 189
5.  Endocytosis =
movement into cell
by infoldings or
pockets
a.  Phagocytosis = cell
eating , surround
and engulf, ex:
amoebas
b.  Pinocytosis = cell
drinking , taking up
liquid
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated
Diffusion
Active Transport
6.  Exocytosis –
membrane of
vesicle fuses with
cell membrane
forcing contents out
of the cell
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